Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Australian bushranger (1854–1880)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Ned Kelly
| image_name = Ned Kelly in 1880.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kelly on 10 November 1880, {{awrap|the day before his execution}}
| birth_name = Edward Kelly
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1854|12||df=y}}{{efn|name=dob}}
| birth_place = [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]], [[Colony of Victoria]], Australia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1880|11|11|1854|12||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Melbourne]], Colony of Victoria, Australia
| alias =
| occupation = [[Bushranger]]
| conviction_penalty = Death
| conviction_status = Executed
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = {{ubl|{{#ifexist: John "Red" Kelly|[[John "Red" Kelly]] (1820–1866)}}|{{#if:{{is redirect|Ellen Kelly}}||[[Ellen Kelly]] (née Quinn) (1832–1923)}}}}
| conviction = {{cslist|Murder|assault|theft|armed robbery}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan Kelly]] (brother)|[[Kate Kelly (sister of Ned Kelly)|Kate Kelly]] (sister)}}
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
}}
'''Edward Kelly''' (December 1854{{efn|name=dob}}{{snd}}11 November 1880) was an Australian [[bushranger]], outlaw, gang leader and convicted police-murderer. One of the last bushrangers, he is known for wearing [[armour of the Kelly gang|a suit of bulletproof armour]] during his final shootout with the police.
Kelly was born in the then–British [[colony of Victoria]] as the third of eight children to Irish parents. His father, a [[Convicts in Australia|transported convict]], died shortly after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor [[selection (Australian history)|selector]] family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the [[Squattocracy]] and as victims of persecution by the [[Victoria Police]]. While a teenager, Kelly was arrested for associating with bushranger [[Harry Power]] and served two prison terms for a variety of offences, the longest stretch being from 1871 to 1874 on a conviction of receiving a stolen horse. He later joined the "[[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] Mob", a group of [[Australian bush|bush]] [[larrikin]]s known for stock theft. A violent confrontation with a policeman occurred at the Kelly family's home in 1878, and Kelly was indicted for his attempted murder. Fleeing to the bush, Kelly vowed to avenge his mother, who was imprisoned for her role in the incident. After he, his younger brother [[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan]], and two associates—[[Joe Byrne]] and [[Steve Hart]]—shot dead three policemen, the government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws.
Kelly and his gang eluded the police for two years, thanks in part to the support of an extensive network of sympathisers. The gang's crime spree included raids on [[Euroa]] and [[Jerilderie]], and the killing of [[Aaron Sherritt]], a sympathiser turned police informer. In [[Jerilderie Letter|a manifesto letter]], Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government and the British Empire—set down his own account of the events leading up to his outlawry. Demanding justice for his family and the rural poor, he threatened dire consequences against those who defied him. In 1880, when his attempt to [[derailment|derail]] and ambush a police train failed, he and his gang, dressed in armour fashioned from stolen [[plough#Parts|plough mouldboards]], engaged in a final gun battle with the police at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]]. Kelly, the only survivor, was severely wounded by police fire and captured. Despite thousands of supporters attending rallies and signing a petition for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out at the [[Old Melbourne Gaol]].
Historian [[Geoffrey Serle]] called Kelly and his gang "the last expression of the lawless frontier in what was becoming a highly organised and educated society, the last protest of the mighty bush now tethered with iron rails to Melbourne and the world".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Serle |first=Geoffrey |title=The Rush to Be Rich: A History of the Colony of Victoria 1883–1889 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-522-84009-4 |page=11 |author-link=Geoffrey Serle}}</ref> In the century after his death, Kelly became a [[cultural icon]], inspiring [[Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly|numerous works in the arts and popular culture]], and is the subject of more biographies than any other Australian. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland: some celebrate him as Australia's equivalent of [[Robin Hood]], while others regard him as a murderous villain undeserving of his folk hero status.<ref>Brear, Bea (9 April 2003). [https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883 "Ned Kelly: freedom fighter or villain?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120051/https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883 |date=24 December 2013 }}, ''[[Green Left Weekly]]''. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref> Journalist [[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Martin Flanagan]] wrote: "What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—it's that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night."<ref>[[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Flanagan, Martin]] (30 March 2013). [http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html "Rebels who knew the end was coming, but stood up anyway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520001417/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html |date=20 May 2013 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</ref>
==Family background and early life==
[[File:Kelly House at Beveridge.jpg|thumb|left|Kelly's boyhood home, built by his father in [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]] in 1859]]
Ned Kelly's father, John Kelly (known as "Red"), was born in 1820 at Clonbrogan, near Moyglas, [[County Tipperary]] in Ireland.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=284}} At the age of 21, he was found guilty of stealing two pigs{{sfn|Molony|2001|pp=6–7}} and was transported on the prison ship ''Prince Regent'', arriving at Hobart Town, [[Van Diemen's Land]] (now [[Hobart]] in the Australian state of [[Tasmania]]), on 2 January 1842. After finishing his sentence in January 1848, Red moved to the Colony of Victoria and found work at James Quinn's farm at [[Wallan, Victoria|Wallan Wallan]] as a bush carpenter.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=284}}
On 18 November 1850, Red married Ellen Quinn, his employer's 18-year-old daughter, at [[St Francis Church, Melbourne|St Francis Church]], Father Gerard Ward officiating.{{sfn|Jones|2010}} The couple subsequently turned their attention to gold-digging and earned enough to buy a small [[freehold (law)|freehold]] in [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]], just north of [[Melbourne]].{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=284–85}}
[[File:Ned Kelly green sash.jpg|thumb|At age 11, Kelly saved a young boy from drowning in a creek, and was awarded this green sash in recognition of his bravery. Kelly wore the sash under [[armour of the Kelly gang|his armour]] during [[#Last stand and capture|his last stand]] at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]]. It remains stained with his blood. (Benalla Museum)]]
Edward ("Ned") Kelly was his parents' third child.<ref name="TA2">{{Cite news|last=Aubrey|first=Thomas|date=11 July 1953|title=The Real Story of Ned Kelly|page=9|work=The Mirror|location=Perth|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75734010|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031430/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75734010|archive-date=10 July 2020|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The exact date of his birth is not known, but was probably in December 1854.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=261}}{{efn|name=dob}} Ned was possibly baptised by an Augustinian priest, [[Charles O'Hea]], who also administered last rites to Kelly before his execution.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=378}} Ned's parents had seven other children: Mary Jane (born 1851, died as an infant aged 6 months), Annie (later Annie Gunn) (1853–1872), Margaret (later Margaret Skillion) (1857–1896), James ("Jim", 1859–1946), Daniel ("Dan", 1861–1880), Catherine ("Kate", later Kate Foster) (1863–1898) and Grace (later Grace Griffiths) (1865–1940).{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=262–63}}
Ned Kelly's family did not prosper at Beveridge and his father began drinking heavily.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=286}} In 1864 the family moved to [[Avenel, Victoria|Avenel]], near [[Seymour, Victoria|Seymour]], where they soon attracted the attention of local police.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=2016}} As a boy Kelly obtained basic schooling and became familiar with the bush. In Avenel he risked his life to save another boy from [[drowning]] in Hughes Creek;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Larry|date=11 December 2004|title=Ned was a champ with a soft spot under his armour|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924194201/http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> the boy's family gave him a green sash, which he wore under his armour during his final showdown with police in 1880.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rennie|first1=Ann|last2=Szego|first2=Julie|date=1 August 2001|title=Ned Kelly saved our drowning dad ... the softer side of old bucket head|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006002528/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
In 1865, Red was convicted in relation to the theft of a calf and sentenced to a fine of £25 or six months' [[hard labour]]. Although the family could not afford to pay the fine, there is no record of Red being transferred to [[Old Kilmore Gaol|Kilmore Gaol]]. In December 1866, Red was fined for being drunk and disorderly. Badly affected by alcoholism, he died at Avenel on 27 December 1866.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=286}}
The following year, the Kellys moved to [[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] in north-eastern Victoria, near the Quinns and their relatives by marriage, the Lloyds. In 1868 Ned's uncle Jim Kelly was convicted of arson after setting fire to the rented premises where the Kellys and some of the Lloyds were staying. Jim was sentenced to death, but this was later commuted to fifteen years of hard labour.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=264}} The family soon [[Selection (Australian history)|leased a small farm]] of {{Cvt|88|acre|m2}} at Eleven Mile Creek near Greta. The Kelly selection was probably unsuitable for successful farming, and Ellen supplemented her income by offering accommodation to travellers and illegally selling alcohol.{{sfn|Jones|1995|pp=26–31}}
==Rise to notoriety==
===Bushranging with Harry Power===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = Bushranger Harry Power.jpg
| width1 = 138
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Harry Power]] has been described as Kelly's bushranging "mentor".
| image2 = Harry Power capture.jpg
| width2 = 162
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Power's capture. Kelly was accused of informing on the bushranger.
}}
In 1869, fourteen-year-old Kelly met Irish-born Harry Power (alias of Henry Johnson), a transported convict who turned to bushranging in north-eastern Victoria after escaping Melbourne's Pentridge Prison. The Kellys formed part of Power's network of sympathisers, and by May 1869 Ned had become his bushranging protégé. At the end of the month, they attempted to steal horses from the [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]] property of [[Squatting (Australian history)|squatter]] John Rowe as part of a plan to rob the [[Woods Point, Victoria|Woods Point]]–Mansfield gold escort. They abandoned the idea and fled back into the bush after Rowe shot at them, and Kelly temporarily broke off his association with Power.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=85–86}}
Kelly's first brush with the law occurred in mid-October 1869 over an altercation between him and a Chinese pig-and-fowl dealer from [[Morses Creek]] named Ah Fook. According to Fook, as he passed the Kelly family home, Ned brandished a long stick and declared himself a bushranger before robbing him of 10 shillings. Kelly gave evidence in court that Fook had abused his sister Annie in a dispute over Fook's request for a drink of water; Fook then beat Ned with a stick after he came to his sister's defence. Annie and two family-related witnesses corroborated Ned's story and the charge was dismissed.{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
Kelly reconciled with Power in March 1870 and, over the next month, the pair committed a series of armed robberies as police scrambled to find them and identify Power's young accomplice. By the end of April, the press had named Kelly as the culprit, and a few days later he was captured by police and confined to [[HM Prison Beechworth|Beechworth Gaol]]. Kelly fronted court on three separate robbery charges, the first two of which were dismissed as none of the victims could positively identify him. On the third charge, the victims also reportedly failed to identify Kelly, but they were in fact refused the chance by Superintendents Nicolas and Hare. Instead, Nicolas told the magistrate that Kelly fitted the description and asked for him to be remanded for trial. Kelly was sent to Melbourne where he spent the weekend in a lock-up before being transferred to [[Kyneton]] to face court. No evidence was produced in court, and Kelly was released after a month.
Historians tend to disagree over this episode: some see it as evidence of police harassment; others believe the Kelly family intimidated the witnesses, making them reluctant to give evidence. Another factor in the lack of identification may have been that the witnesses had described Power's accomplice as a "[[half-caste]]" (a person of [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] and European descent). However, the police believed this to be the result of Kelly going unwashed.{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
Power often camped at Glenmore Station, a large property owned by Kelly's maternal grandfather, James Quinn, which sat at the headwaters of the [[King River (Victoria)|King River]]. In June 1870, while resting in a mountainside [[humpy|gunyah]] (bark shelter) that overlooked the property, Power was captured by a police search party. Following his arrest, word spread within the community that Kelly had informed on him. Kelly denied the rumour, and in [[s:Ned Kelly Letter to Sgt. James Babington|a letter]] that bears the only surviving example of his handwriting, he pleads with Sergeant James Babington of Kyneton for help, saying that "everyone looks on me like a black snake". The informant turned out to be Kelly's uncle, Jack Lloyd, who received £500 for his assistance.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 51–56</ref> However, Kelly had also given information which led to Power's capture and it is possible that the charges against him were dropped in exchange for this information. Power always believed that Kelly was responsible for the betrayal.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=35–37}}
Reporting on Power's criminal career, the ''[[Benalla Ensign]]'' wrote:{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
{{blockquote|The effect of his example has already been to draw one young fellow into the open vortex of crime, and unless his career is speedily cut short, young Kelly will blossom into a declared enemy of society.}}
===Horse theft, assault and imprisonment===
[[File:Ned Kelly aged 15.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mugshot of Kelly, aged 15]]
In October 1870, a hawker named Jeremiah McCormack accused a friend of the Kellys, Ben Gould, of stealing his horse. Gould wrote an indecent note to give to McCormack's childless wife, that was used to wrap two calves' testicles. Kelly passed the note to one of his cousins to give to the woman. When McCormack confronted Kelly later that day, Kelly punched him in the nose, causing McCormack to fall. Kelly was arrested for his part in sending the calves' parts and the note and for assaulting McCormack. He was sentenced to three months' hard labour on each charge.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=265}}
Kelly was released from Beechworth Gaol on 27 March 1871, five weeks early, and returned to Greta. Three weeks later, horse-breaker Isaiah "Wild" Wright arrived in town to see his friend Alex Gunn, a Scottish miner who had married Kelly's older sister. Wright was riding a chestnut mare which he had "borrowed" without telling the owner, the postmaster of Mansfield. Kelly later claimed that he was unaware that the horse didn't belong to Wright. According to Kelly, the mare went missing that night and Gunn lent Wright one of his own horses, promising that, if he found the mare, he would keep it until Wright returned. Kelly said that as soon after Wright departed, the mare was found by Gunn and a neighbour, William (Brickey) Williamson. Kelly then took the mare to [[Wangaratta]], where he stayed for four days.
On 20 April 1871, while riding back into Greta, Kelly was intercepted by Constable Edward Hall, who suspected that the horse was stolen. He directed Kelly to the police station on the pretence of having to sign some papers. As Kelly dismounted, Hall tried to grab him by the scruff of the neck but failed. When Kelly resisted arrest, Hall drew his revolver and tried to shoot him, but it misfired three times. He was then overpowered by Kelly, who later said that he straddled him and dug spurs into his thighs, causing the constable to "[roar] like a big calf attacked by dogs". After subduing Kelly with the assistance of seven bystanders, Hall [[Pistol-whipping|pistol-whipped]] him until his head became "a mass of raw and bleeding flesh".{{sfn|FitzSimons|2013|pp=81–82}}
Kelly and Gunn were charged with horse stealing. James Murdoch, a friend and neighbour of the Kellys, gave evidence that Ned had implied to him that the horse was stolen and had tried to recruit him to steal other horses.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=37–38, 202}} When it was later revealed that Kelly was still in Beechworth Gaol when the horse was taken, the charges were downgraded to "[[felony|feloniously]] receiving a horse". Kelly and Gunn were sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour. Wright received eighteen months for illegal use of a horse.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=507}}[[File:Ned Kelly boxing.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly after defeating Isaiah "Wild" Wright in a 20-round bare-knuckle boxing match, August 1874]]
Kelly served his sentence at Beechworth Gaol, then at Pentridge Prison. On 25 June 1873, his good behaviour earned him a transfer to the prison ship ''Sacramento'', anchored off [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]]. He returned to Pentridge after several months and was released on 2 February 1874, six months early, for good behaviour. When he returned to Greta, his brother Jim was in prison for horse theft and his mother soon married an American, George King.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=265–66}}
To settle the score with Wright over the chestnut mare, Kelly fought him in a [[bare-knuckle boxing]] match at the Imperial Hotel in Beechworth, 8 August 1874. Kelly won after twenty rounds and was declared the unofficial boxing champion of the district.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}} Soon afterwards, a Melbourne photographer took a portrait of Kelly in a boxing pose. Wright became an ardent supporter of Kelly.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=165}}
=== Whitty larceny ===
After his release from prison, Kelly worked at a sawmill and later for a builder. In early 1877 he joined his step-father in an organised horse stealing operation along with Wright, Brickey Williamson, Joe Byrne, Aaron Sherritt, Allen Lowry and Albert Saxon. Kelly later claimed that the group stole 280 horses.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=266}} A number of this group also belonged to the Greta Mob, a gang of "bush larrikins" who adopted a distinctive "flash" form of dress. The Greta Mob also included Ned's brothers Jim and Dan, and his cousins Tom and Jack Lloyd.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=204}}
On 18 September 1877, Kelly was arrested in [[Benalla]] for riding over a footpath while drunk. The following day he was involved in a brawl with four police officers who were escorting him to court. Two of the officers involved were constables Alex Fitzpatrick, who was a friend of Kelly, and Tom Lonigan, who had grabbed Kelly by the testicles during the fracas. Kelly was found guilty of being drunk and disorderly, resisting arrest and assaulting a police officer. He was fined and released. The claim that Kelly vowed that if ever he should shoot a man it would be Lonigan is probably apocryphal.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 98–100.</ref> However, Kelly later claimed that Fitzpatrick subsequently harassed his family because Kelly had knocked him down during the brawl.
In August 1877 Kelly, with his step-father George King and a number of accomplices, stole eleven horses from a paddock owned by James Whitty, a wealthy local grazier. Kelly altered the brands on the horses and sold six of them to William Baumgarten, a horse dealer in [[Barnawartha]], near the New South Wales border. On 26 September the horses were listed as stolen and the police began an investigation. On 10 November, Baumgarten and his brother Gustav were arrested for selling stolen horses and the police were on Kelly's trail. A warrant for his arrest in relation to the "Whitty [[larceny]]" was sworn in March 1878 and a further warrant for the arrest of his younger brother Dan was issued on 5 April. George King had disappeared, never to be seen again.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 95–106.</ref>
==Fitzpatrick incident==
===Fitzpatrick's version of events===
{{multiple image
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| header =
| image1 = ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg
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| caption1 = Constable Fitzpatrick
| image2 = Kelly House at Greta.jpg
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| caption2 = Remains of the Kelly residence at Greta, site of the Fitzpatrick incident
}}
On 11 April 1878, Constable Strachan, the officer in charge of Greta police station, heard that Kelly was at a shearing shed in New South Wales and was given leave to apprehend him. Constable Fitzpatrick was ordered to Greta for relief duty. Fitzpatrick read in the ''Police Gazette'' of a warrant for Dan Kelly's arrest for horse stealing, and he discussed with his sergeant at Benalla the idea of calling at the Kelly home on the way to Greta to arrest Dan. The sergeant agreed but warned him to be careful. On 15 April, Fitzpatrick rode through [[Winton, Victoria|Winton]] ''en route'' to Greta, stopping at the hotel there where he had one [[brandy]] and lemonade.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=201–04}}
Finding Dan not at home, Fitzpatrick remained with Kelly's mother, in conversation, for about an hour. Three children were also present. According to Fitzpatrick, upon hearing someone chopping wood, he went to ensure that the chopping was licensed. The man proved to be Brickey Williamson, a neighbour, who said that he didn't need a licence because he was chopping wood on his own selection.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=205–08}}
Fitzpatrick saw two horsemen making towards the Kelly house. The men proved to be the teenaged Dan Kelly and his brother-in-law, Bill Skillion (also known as Bill Skilling). Fitzpatrick returned to the house and made the arrest. Dan asked to be allowed to have dinner before leaving. The constable consented, and stood guard over his prisoner.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=205–08}}
Minutes later, Ned Kelly rushed in through the front door and fired a shot at Fitzpatrick with a revolver, missing him. Kelly's mother then hit Fitzpatrick over the head with a fire shovel. There was a struggle and Kelly fired two more shots, wounding Fitzpatrick just above his left wrist. During the struggle, Skillion and Williamson entered the room, both armed with revolvers. Dan disarmed Fitzpatrick and now had his revolver.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=208–10}}
Ned told Fitzpatrick that he wouldn't have fired at him if he had known it was him. Fitzpatrick fainted and when he regained consciousness Kelly compelled him to extract the bullet from his own arm with a knife; Kelly's mother dressed the wound. Kelly concocted a cover story and said that if Fitzpatrick told this story he would reward him after the Baumgarten case was over. Kelly's mother said that if he mentioned what really happened his life would be no good to him. Fitzpatrick was allowed to leave. He had ridden away about a mile when he found that two horsemen were pursuing, but by spurring his horse into a gallop he escaped to the Winton hotel and was assisted inside by the manager. His wound was rebandaged and he was given a brandy and water. The manager then rode with him to Benalla where he reported the affair to his superior officer.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=210–13}}
===Kelly family version of events===
{{Blockquote|text=The witness which can prove Fitzpatrick's falsehood can be found by advertising and if this is not done immediately horrible disasters shall follow. Fitzpatrick shall be the cause of greater slaughter to the rising generation than St. Patrick was to the snakes and toads in Ireland. For had I robbed, plundered, ravished and murdered everything I met my character could not be painted blacker than it as present but thank God my conscience is as clear as the snow in Peru.
|source=Kelly in a letter sent to Superintendent John Sadleir and parliamentarian Donald Cameron, December 1878<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Kelly Gives Statement of his Murders of Sargent Kennedy and Others, and Makes Other Threats |url=https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Public Record Office Victoria |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831174059/https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
In an interview three months before his [[execution]], Kelly said that at the time of the incident, he was 200 miles from home. According to him, his mother had asked Fitzpatrick if he had a warrant and Fitzpatrick replied that he had only a telegram, to which his mother said that Dan need not go. Fitzpatrick then said, pulling out a revolver, "I will blow your brains out if you interfere". His mother replied, "You would not be so handy with that popgun of yours if Ned were here". Dan then said, trying to trick Fitzpatrick, "There is Ned coming along by the side of the house". While he was pretending to look out of the window for Ned, Dan cornered Fitzpatrick, took the revolver and released Fitzpatrick unharmed. If Fitzpatrick suffered any wounds they were possibly self-inflicted. Skillion and Williamson were not present.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=9 August 1880|title=Interview with Ned Kelly|work=The Age|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202153563|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
In 1879 Ned's sister Kate, who was aged 14 at the time of the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had made a sexual advance to her.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=217}} After Kelly was captured, he denied that Fitzpatrick tried to take liberties with Kate: "No, that is a foolish story; if he or any other policeman tried to take liberties with my sister, Victoria would not hold him".<ref name=":02" />
In 1929 journalist [[J. J. Kenneally]] gave yet another version of the incident based on interviews with the remaining Kelly brother, Jim, and Kelly cousin and gang providore Tom Lloyd. In this version Fitzpatrick was drunk when he arrived at the Kelly house, and while sitting in front of the fire he pulled Kate onto his knee, provoking Dan to throw him to the floor. In the ensuing struggle, Fitzpatrick drew his revolver, Ned appeared, and with his brother seized the constable, disarming him, but not before he struck his wrist against the projecting part of the door lock, an injury he claimed to be a gunshot wound.{{Sfn|Kenneally|1929|loc=Chapter 2}}
Three police officers later gave sworn evidence that Kelly, after his capture, admitted he had shot Fitzpatrick.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=215}} In 1881, Brickey Williamson, who was seeking remission for his sentence in relation to the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had drawn his revolver.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=214–15}} Jones and Dawson have argued that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick but it was his friend Joe Byrne who was with him, not Bill Skillion.{{Sfn|Jones|1995|pp=115–18}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dawson|first=Stuart|date=2015|title=Redeeming Fitzpatrick: Ned Kelly and the Fitzpatrick Incident|journal=Eras Journal|volume=17|issue=1|pages=60–91}}</ref>
===Trial===
Williamson, Skillion and Ellen Kelly were arrested and charged with aiding and abetting attempted murder; Ned and Dan were nowhere to be found. The three appeared on 9 October 1878 before Judge [[Redmond Barry]]. Fitzpatrick's doctor, who had treated his wound, gave evidence that the constable "was certainly not drunk" and that his wounds were consistent with his statement. The defence declined to call Ned's sisters, Kate and 12-year-old Grace, to give evidence even though they were eyewitnesses. The defence did call two witnesses to give evidence that Skillion wasn't present, which would cast doubt on Fitzpatrick's entire evidence. One of these witnesses was a friend of the Kellys, the other, Joe Ryan, a relative. Ryan revealed that Ned was in Greta that afternoon, which was damaging to the defence. Ellen Kelly, Skillion and Williamson were convicted as accessories to the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. Skillion and Williamson both received sentences of six years' and Ellen three years of hard labour.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=220–44}}
Ellen's sentence was considered harsh, even by people who had no cause to be Kelly sympathisers, especially as she was nursing a newborn baby. Alfred Wyatt, a police magistrate in Benalla, told the later [[Royal Commission]], "I thought the sentence upon that old woman, Mrs Kelly, a very severe one."{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=220}}
==Stringybark Creek police murders==
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=300
| image1 = Bushranger Dan Kelly.jpg |width1=157|height1=
| image2 = SteveHart.jpg |width2=143|height2=
| image3 = Joe Byrne the 19th-century outlaw.jpg |width3=177|height3=
| footer = Greta mob members [[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan Kelly]] (left), [[Steve Hart]] (centre) and [[Joe Byrne (bushranger)|Joe Byrne]] (right) took to bushranging with Ned Kelly after the Fitzpatrick incident.
}}
[[File:Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg|thumb|upright|Clockwise from top left: Constable Lonigan, Sergeant Kennedy, Constable McIntyre and Constable Scanlan]]
After the Fitzpatrick incident, Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went into hiding and were soon joined by Steve Hart, a friend of Dan. They were based at Bullock Creek in the Wombat Ranges, where they made money sluicing gold and distilling whisky, and were supplied with provisions and information by sympathisers including Ned's cousin Tom Lloyd.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=460–61}}
The police had received information that the Kelly gang were in the Wombat Ranges at the head of the King River and, on 25 October 1878, two mounted police parties were dispatched to search for them. One party, consisting of Sergeant Michael Kennedy and constables Michael Scanlan (sometimes spelled Scanlon), Thomas Lonigan and Thomas McIntyre camped overnight in an abandoned mining site at [[Stringybark Creek]], about twenty-five miles north of [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]].{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=259–60}} They were unaware that they were only 1.5 miles from the Kelly gang's hideout{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=76}} and that Ned had observed their tracks.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=259–60}}
On the following morning, Kennedy and Scanlan went scouting while McIntyre and Lonigan remained at the camp. At about 5 p.m. the four members of the Kelly gang emerged from the bush and ordered the two policemen in the camp to bail up and raise their arms. According to McIntyre, each member of the gang was armed with a [[rifle]], but according to Ned they only had two guns.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} McIntyre was unarmed at the time and raised his arms. According to McIntyre, Lonigan made a motion to draw his revolver and ran for the cover of a tree a few yards away. Ned immediately shot Lonigan, killing him.<ref>Jones (1995) p. 364.</ref> According to Ned, Lonigan had ducked behind a fallen tree and Ned shot him as he raised his head to fire.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}
[[File:Stringybark_attack.jpg|left|thumb|The Kelly gang prepares to open fire as Kennedy and Scanlan arrive. Lonigan's body lies in the foreground.]]
The Kelly gang questioned McIntyre and armed themselves with the policemen's shotgun and revolvers.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} At about 5.30 p.m., Kennedy and Scanlan returned on horseback and the Kelly gang hid themselves. According to McIntyre, he walked towards Kennedy but before he could speak to him, the Kelly gang ordered the police to bail up. Kennedy tried to unclip his gun holster and shots were fired by the gang. McIntyre advised Kennedy to surrender as he was surrounded. Meanwhile, Scanlan dismounted and was shot while trying to unsling his rifle. McIntyre stated that Scanlan didn't have time to fire a shot. According to Ned, Scanlan fired and Ned shot him as he tried to fire again. Scanlan died soon after.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}<ref>Jones (1995). p. 136.</ref>
Kennedy had dismounted and, according to McIntyre, tried to surrender without firing a shot, but the gang continued firing at him. According to Kelly, Kennedy hid behind a tree and started firing. Kennedy retreated into the bush. Ned and Dan pursued him for almost a mile,{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=87}} exchanging gunfire with the sergant, before Ned shot him in the right side. According to Ned, Kennedy then turned around to face him and Ned shot him in the chest with his shotgun, not realising that Kennedy had dropped his revolver and was turning to surrender.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}
In the exchange of gunfire, McIntyre, who was still unarmed, mounted Kennedy's horse and was able to escape.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} He reached Mansfield police station the following day and a search party quickly found the bodies of Lonigan and Scanlan. Kennedy's body was found two days later.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=462}} The bodies had been looted of watches, rings, and other personal items.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=92}} Post-mortem examinations showed that Lonigan had been shot three times: through the arm, the leg and the right eye, the latter being the cause of death. Scanlan had four bullet wounds. Kennedy had at least two bullet wounds, one a shotgun wound through the chest fired from very close range.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=76–77}}
McIntyre's initial accounts of the shootout were given at Mansfield on 27 October and at the [[inquest]] into the deaths of Lonigan and Scanlan on 29 October. Kelly's initial accounts of the killings were given in his Cameron Letter of December 1878 and Jerilderie Letter of February 1879.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=69–73}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Ned|title=The Jerilderie Letter|publisher=Text Publishing|year=2001|isbn=1-876485-89-2|editor-last=McDermott|editor-first=Alex|location=Melbourne|pages=42–63}}</ref> These, and later accounts by McIntyre and Kelly, varied in their details. Jones, Morrissey and others have questioned the credibility of some aspects of both versions of events.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 132–33.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=216–28}}
In the Jerilderie letter, Kelly claimed that he had been told that a number of police officers had boasted that they would shoot him without giving him a chance to surrender. He also claimed that the weapons (especially the two rifles) and amount of ammunition the police party carried indicated their intention of killing him rather than arresting him. He claimed that these circumstances, and the failure of the police to surrender when ordered to, justified him killing them in self-defence.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=216–228}} McIntyre stated that he told Kelly that the intention of the police party was to arrest him and that they were not excessively armed in the circumstances. He stated that it was the Kelly gang who confronted the police with their weapons drawn and that they did not give the police a realistic chance to surrender.<ref>Jones (1995) pp. 132, 134.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=69}}
===Outlawed under the ''Felons Apprehension Act''===
[[File:Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png|thumb|Proclamation by Governor [[George Bowen]] declaring Ned and Dan Kelly outlaws]]
News of the police murders led to widespread fear of the bushrangers. On 28 October, the [[government of Victoria]] announced a reward of £800 (£200 per head) for their arrest, and this was soon increased to £2,000. On 31 October 1878, the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian parliament]] passed the ''Felons Apprehension Act'', which [[Coming into force|came into effect]] on 1 November. Three days later, notices were published throughout the colony giving the bushrangers until 12 November to surrender themselves. On 15 November the four members of the Kelly gang, not having surrendered themselves, were declared outlaws. As a result, members of the gang could be killed without challenge by anyone finding them armed or who had a reasonable suspicion that they were armed. The act also penalised anyone who gave "any aid, shelter or sustenance" to the outlaws or withheld information, or gave false information, to the authorities. Punishment was "imprisonment with or without hard labour for such period not exceeding fifteen years".<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 144, 146, 159–60.</ref> The ''Felons Apprehension Act'' eventually lapsed on 26 June 1880, just before the siege at Glenrowan.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Eburn|first=Michael|date=2005|title=Outlawry in Colonial Australia, the Felons Apprehension Acts 1865–1899|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZLawHisteJl/2005/6.pdf|journal=ANZLH e-Journal|volume=25|pages=80–93}}</ref>
The Victorian act was based on the ''Felons Apprehension Act'' of 1865, which was passed by the [[Parliament of New South Wales]]. The act had been enacted in response to the bushrangers [[Daniel Morgan (bushranger)|Dan Morgan]] and [[Ben Hall (bushranger)|Ben Hall]]. In response to the Kelly gang, the New South Wales parliament re-enacted their legislation as the ''Felons Apprehension Act 1879'' (NSW).<ref name=":12" />
==Euroa raid==
[[File:Kelly robbery Euora.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Scenes from the robbery at [[Euroa]], [[Colony of Victoria|Victoria]]]]
After the police killings, the Kelly gang unsuccessfully attempted to escape across the flooded [[Murray River]] into New South Wales before returning to their base in north-eastern Victoria. They had narrowly avoided the police on several occasions and were relying on the support of the extended Kelly family, criminal associates and other sympathisers.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 142–160.</ref>{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=294–306}}
In need of money, the Kelly gang planned to rob the bank in the small town of [[Euroa]]. On Sunday 8 December 1878, Byrne scouted the town and reported back that there would be a funeral and a sitting of the Licensing Court on the following Tuesday afternoon that many in the town would be attending. At 12.30 p.m. on 9 December, the gang held up the Younghusband pastoral sub-station at Faithfull's Creek, 3.5 miles from Euroa. Fourteen male employees and passers-by were taken hostage and held overnight in a brick outbuilding near the Faithfull's Creek homestead; female hostages were held in the homestead. One of the hostages was a passing hawker who supplied the four members of the gang with new, respectable clothes. It is probable that the hawker and a number of other hostages were sympathisers of the gang and had prior knowledge of the raid.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 161–64.</ref>
The following day, Dan guarded the hostages while Ned, Byrne and Hart rode out to cut the telegraph wires connecting Euroa to the outside world. After he did so, the gang encountered a hunting party and some railway workers, whom they held up and took back to Faithfull's Creek as hostages. Ned, Dan and Hart then went into Euroa, leaving Byrne to guard the prisoners.<ref>Jones (1995), pp. 165–67.</ref>
Just after 4 p.m., the three gang members knocked at the doors of the closed [[National Bank of Australasia]] at Euroa and gained entry from the front and back. They drew their revolvers and held up both the bank and the bank manager's living quarters. They emptied the safes and cashiers' drawers of cash and gold worth £2,260 and a small number of documents and securities.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 167–68.</ref> The fourteen members of the bank manager's household and staff were taken back to the Faithfull's Creek homestead as hostages.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=320}} There the gang performed some [[trick riding]] for the hostages, who now numbered thirty-seven people, before leaving at about 8.30 p.m., warning their captives to remain where they were for three hours or there would be reprisals.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 176–77.</ref>
Following the raid, a number of newspapers commented on the efficiency of its execution and compared it with the inefficiency of the police who had failed to capture the gang in the six weeks since the Stringybark police killings. Several hostages stated that the gang had behaved courteously and without violence during the raid.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 172.</ref> However, hostages also stated that on several occasions Kelly and other gang members had become enraged and had cocked their revolvers and pointed them at hostages, threatening to shoot them. The gang had also threatened to burn buildings containing hostages if there was any resistance.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=311–15, 324, 330–31}}
=== Cameron Letter ===
While at the Faithfull's Creek homestead, Byrne wrote out two fair copies of a letter that had been dictated by Kelly. On 14 December 1878, the copies were posted to Donald Cameron, a Victorian parliamentarian who Kelly wrongly thought was sympathetic to the gang, and John Sadleir, the police superintendent at Benalla. In the letter, Kelly made claims of police corruption and harassment of his family and gave his version of the Fitzpatrick incident, the Stringybark police killings and other events. Kelly expected Cameron to read the letter out in parliament, but the government refused to make it public. Newspapers, however, published summaries of its contents with commentary. Kelly later repeated much of the contents of the letter in the longer Jerilderie Letter.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=91–95}}
==Kelly sympathisers held==
[[File:Kelly Gang sympathisers.jpg|thumb|The imprisonment of 23 Kelly sympathisers without trial swung public sympathy away from the police. (Pictured: three of the sympathisers, left to right: John Quinn, John Stewart and Joseph Ryan)]]
On 2 January 1879, police used the ''Felons Apprehension Act'' to obtain warrants for the arrest of presumed Kelly sympathisers for aiding the outlaws. Thirty men were arrested in the following days and twenty-three were remanded in custody. Among the leading Kelly sympathisers who were held were Tom Lloyd Jr, Jimmy Quinn, Wild Wright and Joe Ryan.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=114}} Over a third were released within seven weeks due to lack of evidence, but a core of nine sympathisers had their remand renewed on a weekly basis for almost three months, despite the failure of the police to produce evidence for a committal hearing. Police claimed that their informants were reluctant to give sworn evidence for fear of reprisals.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=20–21}}
On 22 April, Police Magistrate Foster refused prosecution requests to continue remands and discharged the remaining eleven detainees. Although the police command was disturbed by this decision, by then it was clear that the tactic of holding sympathisers on continuous remand had not impeded the activities of the Kelly gang.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=21}}
Jones argues that the decision to hold key Kelly sympathisers without trial for several months swung public sympathy away from the police.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 178.</ref> Dawson, however, points out that while there was widespread condemnation of the denial of the [[civil liberties]] of those detained, this didn't necessarily mean there was widespread support for the outlaws.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=21–22}}
==Jerilderie raid==
[[File:Ned Kelly Jerilderie.jpg|thumb|The gang holds up the Jerilderie Police Station.]]
Following the Euroa raid, fifty-eight police were transferred to north-eastern Victoria (making a total of 217 police in the district), around fifty soldiers were deployed to guard banks in the region, and the reward for Kelly's capture was increased to £1,000. The Kelly gang had distributed most of the proceeds from the raid to family, friends and associates who had given them assistance. The outlaws were once more in need of funds, and planned to rob the bank at [[Jerilderie]], a town of 500 residents about forty miles across the border in New South Wales. A number of sympathisers moved into the town in the days before the raid to provide information and undercover support for the gang.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 173–74, 179–80.</ref>{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=326–28, 334, 338}}
On Friday, 7 February 1879, the Kelly gang crossed the Murray River between [[Mulwala]] and [[Tocumwal]] and camped overnight in thick forest. The following day they visited Davidson's Inn, about two miles from Jerilderie, where they drank and chatted with patrons and staff, learning more about the town and the police presence there.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 182.</ref>
Just after midnight on the morning of Sunday, 9 February, the gang went to Jerilderie police barracks, about half a mile from the town centre, on the pretext of alerting the police to a fictitious brawl at Davidson's Inn. After confirming that there were only two policemen present{{Em dash}}Senior Constable George Devine and Probationary Constable Henry Richards{{Em dash}}the gang drew their revolvers and bailed up the policemen. They secured the policemen in the lockup near the main building and spent the night in the residential quarters of the police station, where they held Devine's wife and young children hostage.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 181–82.</ref>
The Kelly gang spent most of Sunday morning preparing for the bank robbery while many of the town's population were attending church. In the afternoon, Byrne and Hart, dressed in police uniforms, took the disarmed Constable Richards with them into town so they could familiarise themselves with its layout. Richards was told to introduce the strangers as police reinforcements sent to search for the Kelly gang. The three then returned to the police barracks and the gang finalised plans for the following day's raid.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 183–85.</ref>
At 10 a.m. on 10 February, Kelly and Byrne donned police uniforms and the four outlaws took Richards with them into town. They had left Devine in the police lockup and had warned Mrs Devine that if she tried to leave the barracks they would burn it down with her and the children inside.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=346}}
The gang went into the main street of Jerilderie and held up the Royal Mail Hotel, which was next door to the Bank of New South Wales. They took the hotel staff and patrons hostage and, as the raid progressed, anyone walking into the hotel was captured and held in the hotel's parlour. It is almost certain that some of those held were sympathisers planted by the outlaws. Ned and Byrne then entered the bank from the rear, leaving Dan and Hart in control of the hotel.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 186.</ref> Ned and Byrne held up the bank, taking £2,141 in cash as well as jewellery and other valuables. Ned also took deeds, mortgages and securities from the safe which he later had burned because "the bloody banks are crushing the life's blood out of the poor, struggling man". The bank staff and several patrons were taken prisoner and transferred to the parlour of the hotel.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=347–49}}
Byrne then held up the post office and destroyed the [[telegraph key|morse key]] and insulator. Following this, several of the prisoners were ordered to take axes and bring down the telegraph poles and wires. Once the telegraph was cut, Ned went with two hostages to the newspaper owner's home where he asked for copies of his Jerilderie letter to be printed. The newspaper owner, however, had earlier escaped capture at the bank and fled the town.
After a detour to appraise a locally famous race horse, Ned returned to the hotel and delivered a speech to the hostages outlining his grievances against the police and the justice system. He then told the hostages, who now numbered about thirty, that they were free to go. However, he took Richards and the two post office workers (who knew how to operate the telegraph) with him to the police barracks.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=352–56}}
Back at the barracks, the gang secured the two policemen and two post office workers in the lockup and prepared to leave with the proceeds from the bank robbery, the police horses and police weapons. Mrs Devine was threatened with reprisals if she released the prisoners before 7.30 p.m. Dan and Byrne then rode out of Jerilderie. Ned and Hart rode back into town where Ned stayed a short while, drinking at the Albion (Traveller's Rest) Hotel with the strangers who had recently entered the town and were soon to leave. While there, the local parson, [[J. B. Gribble|John B. Gribble]], persuaded Ned to leave the race horse he had taken as it belonged to "a young lady".{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=356–62}} When Kelly and Hart left, they were not seen again by the police for 17 months.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 194.</ref>
===Jerilderie Letter===
{{main|Jerilderie Letter}}
{{Blockquote|text=I wish to acquaint you with some of the occurrences of the present past and future.|sign=Opening line of the Jerilderie Letter<ref name=conv/>}}
{{Wikisource|The Jerilderie Letter}}
[[File:Ned Kelly Jerilderie Letter.jpg|thumb|Some of the 56 pages comprising the Jerilderie Letter, on display in the [[State Library of Victoria]]]]
Prior to arriving in Jerilderie, Kelly composed a lengthy letter with the aim of tracing his path to outlawry, justifying his actions, and outlining the alleged injustices he and his family suffered at the hands of the police. He also decried the treatment of poor selector families by Victoria's [[Squatting (Australian history)|Squattocracy]] and, in "an escalating promise of revenge and retribution", invoked "a mythical tradition of Irish rebellion" against what he called "the tyrannism of the English yoke".<ref name="gelderweaver">Gelder, Ken; Weaver, Rachael (2017). ''Colonial Australian Fiction: Character Types, Social Formations and the Colonial Economy''. [[Sydney University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-74332-461-5}}, pp. 57–58.</ref> Dictated to Byrne, the Jerilderie Letter, a handwritten document of fifty-six pages and 7,391 words, was described by Kelly as "a bit of my life". He tasked Edwin Living, a local bank accountant, with delivering it to the editor of the ''[[Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser|Jerilderie and Urana Gazette]]'' for publication.{{sfn|Molony|2001|pp=136–137}} Due to political suppression, only excerpts were published in the press, based on a copy transcribed by John Hanlon, owner of the Eight Mile Hotel in [[Deniliquin]]. The entire letter was rediscovered and published in 1930.<ref name=gelderweaver/>
According to historian Alex McDermott, "Kelly inserts himself into history, on his own terms, with his own voice. ... We hear the living speaker in a way that no other document in our history achieves".{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p=xxviii}} It has been interpreted as a proto-republican manifesto;<ref name="barkham">Barkham, Patrick (4 December 2000). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham "Ned Kelly's Last Testament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204735/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham |date=19 May 2018 }}. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</ref> for others, it is a "murderous, ... maniacal rant",<ref name="farrell">Farrell, Michael (2015). ''Writing Australian Unsettlement: Modes of Poetic Invention, 1796–1945''. Springer. {{ISBN|978-1-137-46541-2}}, p. 17.</ref> and "a remarkable insight into Kelly's grandiosity".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MacFarlane |first1=Ian |last2=Scott |first2=Russ |date=2014 |title=Ned Kelly – Stock Thief, Bank Robber, Murderer – Psychopath |journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law |volume=21 |issue=5}}.</ref> Noted for its unorthodox grammar, the letter reaches "delirious poetics",<ref name="gelderweaver" /> Kelly's language being "hyperbolic, allusive, hallucinatory ... full of striking metaphors and images".<ref name="conv">Gelder, Ken (5 May 2014). [http://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898 "The case for Ned Kelly's Jerilderie Letter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141310/http://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898 |date=2 April 2015 }}, ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</ref> His invective and sense of humour are also present; in one well-known passage, he calls the Victorian police "a parcel of big ugly fat-necked [[wombat]] headed, big bellied, magpie legged, narrow hipped, splaw-footed sons of Irish bailiffs or English landlords".<ref>Woodcock, Bruce (2003). ''Peter Carey''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-6798-3}}, p. 139.</ref> The letter closes:{{sfn|Seal|2002|p=88}}
{{blockquote|neglect this and abide by the consequences, which shall be worse than the rust in the wheat of Victoria or the druth of a dry season to the grasshoppers in New South Wales I do not wish to give the order full force without giving timely warning. but I am a widows son outlawed and my orders <u>must</u> be obeyed.}}
==Reward increase and disappearance==
[[File:Reward.jpg|thumb|£8000 reward notice for the capture of the Kelly Gang, equivalent to $1.5 million in modern Australian currency]] [[File:Troopers in pursuit of Kelly Gang.jpg|thumb|left|A party of troopers participating in the hunt for the Kelly gang]]
In response to the Jerilderie raid, the New South Wales government and several banks collectively issued £4,000 for the gang's capture, dead or alive, the largest reward offered in the colony since £5,000 was placed on the heads of the outlawed [[Clarke brothers]] in 1867.<ref>Smith, Peter. C.. (2015). ''The Clarke Gang: Outlawed, Outcast and Forgotten''. Rosenberg Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-925078-66-4}}, endnotes.</ref> The Victorian government matched the offer for the Kelly gang, bringing the total amount to £8,000, bushranging's largest-ever reward.{{sfn|Kenneally|1929|p=105}}
The Victorian police continued to receive many reports of sightings of the outlaws from the public and information about their activities from their network of paid informants. The Chief Commissioner of Police, Frederick Standish, and Superintendent Francis Hare directed operations against the gang from Benalla. Hare organised frequent search parties and surveillance of the close family and associates of the outlaws.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=368–78}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=121–23}}
[[File:Queensland Police Trackers to hunt the Kelly Gang, 1879.jpg|thumb|[[Native police]] unit, sent from Queensland to Victoria in 1879 to help capture the gang|left]]
In March 1879, six Queensland [[native police]] troopers and a senior constable under the command of sub-Inspector Stanhope O'Connor were deployed to Benalla to join the hunt for the Kelly gang. O'Connor and his troopers, at the time of the request, were in active service in the [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] region conducting punitive expeditions against Aboriginal communities and had recently massacred thirty people near Cape Bedford.<ref name=":22">{{cite news|date=10 March 1879|title=Massacre of Blacks|page=4|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|issue=9,875|location=Victoria, Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150420895|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210423/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/150420895|archive-date=9 July 2021|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Although Kelly feared the tracking ability of the Aboriginal troopers, Standish and Hare doubted their value and they were not put to their best use.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 203–04, 222.</ref> The Aboriginal troopers were withdrawn on 25 June 1880, but quickly re-engaged following the murder of police informant Aaron Sherritt the following day.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 226, 243–44.</ref>
On 7 May 1879, Standish provided the Victorian Land Board with a list of eighty-four family members and other alleged sympathisers of the outlaws in order to prevent them buying land in the secluded areas of north-eastern Victoria. The avowed aim of the policy was to disperse the Kelly family and its sympathisers and disrupt stock theft in the region. The impact of the policy is controversial. Jones and others claim that it caused widespread resentment and hardened support for the outlaws.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 207–10.</ref> Morrissey, however, states that although the policy was sometimes used unfairly, it was effective and supported by the majority of the community.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=151–52}}
On 3 July 1879, following media and parliamentary criticism of the cost and lack of success of the Kelly gang search, Standish appointed Assistant Commissioner Charles Nicolson in charge of operations at Benalla in place of the injured Hare. Standish removed fourteen troopers and seventeen foot police from Nicolson's command, withdrew most of the soldiers guarding banks, and cut the budget for the search. Nicolson responded by cutting back search parties and relying more heavily on targeted surveillance and his network of spies and informers.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 208–09.</ref>
On 2 June 1880, after almost a year of unsuccessful efforts to capture the outlaws, Nicolson was replaced by Hare. On 20 May a police informant, Daniel Kennedy, had reported that the Kelly gang had successfully made bullet-proof armour out of agricultural equipment and were planning another raid. On 25 June, Kennedy personally reported this information to Hare. Hare dismissed the intelligence as preposterous and sacked Kennedy.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=384–86}}<ref>Jones (1995). p. 226.</ref>
==Glenrowan affair==
===Murder of Aaron Sherritt===
{{Blockquote|text=... I look upon Ned Kelly as an extraordinary man; there is no man in the world like him, he is superhuman.|sign=Aaron Sherritt to Superintendent Hare{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}}}}
[[File:Aaron Sherritt 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Sherritt showing his "larrikin heel" and wearing his hat in the Greta mob fashion with the chin strap resting under his nose]]
During the Kelly outbreak, police watch parties monitored houses belonging to relatives of the gang, including that of Byrne's mother in the Woolshed Valley near Beechworth. The police used the house of her neighbour, [[Aaron Sherritt]], former Greta Mob member and lifelong friend of Byrne, as a base of operations, sleeping inside during the day and keeping watch from nearby caves at night. Sherritt accepted police payments for camping with the watch parties and for providing information on the bushrangers' activities.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}} It is likely that Sherritt also gave the police false information in order to protect Byrne. Detective [[Michael Edward Ward|Michael Ward]] was particularly sceptical of Sherritt's value as an informer.{{sfn|Kelson|McQuilton|2001|p=128}}<ref name=":5">Jones (1995). p. 205.</ref>
In March 1879 Byrne's mother discovered Sherritt with a police surveillance party and later publicly denounced him as a spy.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=122}}<ref name=":6">Jones (1995). p. 206</ref> In the following months, Byrne and Ned sent Sherritt messages stating that the Lloyds and Quinns wanted him shot and that it would be better for him if he joined the outlaws.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=373, 377}} When Sherritt continued his relationship with the police, Byrne warned Sherritt's mother that the outlaws were going to kill him.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=382–83}} The gang finally decided to murder Sherritt as part of their own plan, one that they boasted would "astonish not only the Australian colonies, but the whole world".{{sfn|Farwell|1970|p=193}}
[[File:MurderOfSherritt.jpg|thumb|left|An artist's depiction of the Murder of Aaron Sherritt]]
On 26 June 1880, Dan and Byrne rode into the Woolshed Valley. That evening, they kidnapped Anton Wick, who lived near Sherritt, and forced him to come with them to Sherritt's hut, which was occupied by Sherritt, his pregnant wife Ellen, Mrs Barry (Ellen's mother) and four policemen who had been stationed in the hut to guard Sherritt and spy on Mrs Byrne's home.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=390–92}}
At about 6.30 p.m., Dan went to the front door of the hut while Byrne forced Wick to knock on the back door and call out for Sherritt. When Sherritt answered the door, Byrne shot him in the throat and chest with a shotgun, killing him. Byrne then entered the hut and Dan was let in while the four policemen hid in the bedroom. Byrne heard the police scrambling for their shotguns and demanded that they come out. When the police didn't respond he fired into the bedroom. He then sent Ellen into the bedroom to bring the police out, but they held her in the room.<ref name=":7">Jones (1995). pp. 230–31.</ref>
The outlaws left the hut with Mrs Barry, collected kindling, and loudly threatened to burn alive those inside. They sent Mrs Barry back inside and the police detained her in the bedroom. After a failed attempt to set fire to the building, the outlaws stayed outside yelling threats at the occupants. They then released Wick and rode away. The siege had lasted two hours.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=392–93}}{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=122–23}}
The police didn't leave the hut until the following morning, for fear that the bushrangers would be still waiting outside for them. News of Sherritt's death only reached Hare in Benalla at 2.30 p.m. on Sunday, 27 June.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=156–57}}
===Siege and shootout===
[[File:Ned Kelly attemps to derail train.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly forces two line-repairers to damage the track at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]] in a plot to derail the Police Special Train]]
The gang estimated that the policemen inside Sherritt's hut would relay news of his murder to Beechworth by early Sunday morning, prompting a special police train to be sent up from Melbourne. They also surmised that the train would collect reinforcements in Benalla before continuing through [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]], a small town in the [[Warby Ranges]]. There, the gang planned to derail the train and shoot dead any survivors, then ride to an unpoliced Benalla where they would rob the banks, set fire to the courthouse, blow up the police barracks, release anyone imprisoned in the gaol, and "generally play havoc with the entire town" before returning to the bush.{{sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=57–58}}
While Byrne and Dan were in the Woolshed Valley, Ned and Hart tried, but failed, to damage the track at Glenrowan, so they forced two local [[platelayer]]s and some labourers camped nearby to finish the job. The outlaws selected a sharp curve in the line that ran across a deep ravine, and told their captives that they were going to "send the train and its occupants to hell".{{sfn|McMenomy|1984|p=152}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=156}}
Byrne and Dan had now arrived at Glenrowan and the gang had taken over the railway station, the stationmaster's home and Ann Jones' Glenrowan Inn, opposite the railway station and just under a mile from the town centre. The gang used the hotel to hold the workers, passers-by, and other male prisoners they gathered throughout the night and following day. Most of the women and children taken prisoner were held at the stationmaster's home. The other hotel in town, McDonnell's Railway Hotel, located on the other side of the tracks, was used to stable the gang's stolen horses, one of which carried a tin of blasting powder and fuses.<ref name=":5" /> The packhorses also carried [[Armour of the Kelly gang|suits of bullet-repelling armour]], each complete with a helmet and weighing about {{convert|44|kg}}. The armour was designed to provide protection for the outlaws as they stood on top of the embankment firing down on any survivors of the train wreck. There was no leg armour as it would hinder the outlaws' movement and wasn't necessary given the angle of any return fire up the embankment.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=121}}
[[File:The Kellys, the Glenrowan Quadrilles.jpg|thumb|left|A sketch by [[George Gordon McCrae]] shows the gang dancing with hostages.]]
By Sunday afternoon, the expected train still had not arrived and the outlaws had moved most of the women and children to the Glenrowan Inn. There were now sixty-two hostages including sympathisers who the gang had planted to help control the situation. As the hours passed without any sight of the train, the gang plied the hostages with drink and organised music, singing, dancing and games.<ref name=":6" /> One hostage later testified, "[Ned] did not treat us badly—not at all".<ref name="seal2">Seal, Graham (1996). ''The Outlaw Legend: A Cultural Tradition in Britain, America and Australia''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-55740-5}}, p. 159.</ref> However, Ned threatened to shoot another young hostage, keeping him "in a state of extreme terror for about half an hour".{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=44}}
During the late afternoon and evening of Sunday, Ned allowed twenty-one of the hostages who he considered trustworthy to leave. At about 10 p.m. he and Byrne captured Glenrowan's lone constable, Hugh Bracken, with the assistance of hostage Thomas Curnow, a local schoolmaster who sought to gain the gang's trust in order to thwart their plans. Believing that Curnow was a sympathiser, Ned let him and his wife return to their home close to the railway tracks, but warned them to "go quietly to bed and not to dream too loud".<ref name=":7" />{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=158}}
The police train Ned had been expecting only left Benalla after 2 a.m. on Monday. The train carried seven regular troopers under Superintendent Hare, five Queensland Aboriginal Troopers under sub-Inspector O'Connor, four journalists and several other civilians. Acting on intelligence that the tracks had been sabotaged, Hare had ordered a pilot engine to travel ahead of the police train. At 2.30 a.m., the pilot train was approaching Glenrowan when Curnow went to the tracks, signalled it to stop and alerted the driver of the danger.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 243–45.</ref>
Kelly had decided to let the hostages return home and was delivering them a lecture about police informers when Byrne came in from outside with the news that a train had arrived. The outlaws donned their armour and prepared themselves for a confrontation. Meanwhile, Bracken told the hostages to lie low and escaped to the railway station to explain the situation to the police. On hearing Bracken's news, Hare immediately led a detachment of police towards the hotel while the main body of troopers prepared the horses and equipment.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 245–49.</ref> It was just after 3 a.m.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=64}}
The four outlaws positioned themselves in the shadow of the veranda in the front of the hotel and opened fire when the police were about thirty yards away in the moonlight. The police returned fire and about 100 to 150 shots were fired in fifteen minutes. Someone shouted that there were women and children in the building and there was a lull in the shooting. Hare was wounded in the left wrist and soon had to return to Benalla for treatment. Ned was wounded in the left hand and arm and his right foot. Byrne was shot in the leg and retreated into the hotel. Two hostages were fatally wounded by police fire through the thin weatherboard walls of the building: thirteen-year-old John Jones and railway worker Martin Cherry.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 249–50.</ref> A third hostage, George Metcalf, was also fatally wounded, either by police fire or shot accidentally by Ned in an earlier incident.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 250.</ref>{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=1}}{{Wide image|Glenrowan shootout.jpg|700px|The gang and police exchange gunfire. Drawing by [[Tom Carrington (illustrator)|Tom Carrington]], one of several journalists present during the battle}}
During the lull in the firing, a number of hostages, mostly women and children, escaped from the hotel.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 251–52.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=234–35}} Kelly, bleeding heavily from his wounds, retreated behind the hotel and made his way into the bush where police found his skull cap and rifle at around 3.30 a.m., about 100 yards from the hotel. Kelly later stated that at that time he was in the bushes not far from the police.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=34–35}}
Police surrounded the hotel throughout the night, and the firing continued intermittently. At about 5 a.m., Byrne was fatally shot in the groin while making a toast to the Kelly gang in the bar.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=36}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=161}} Between 5.30 a.m. and 7 a.m. police reinforcements under Sergeant Steele and Superintendent Sadleir arrived from Wangaratta and Benalla, taking the police contingent to about forty.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=37}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=160, 163}}
===Last stand and capture===
[[File:A strange apparition Ned Kelly's last stand.jpg|thumb|left|"A strange apparition": when Kelly appeared out of the mist-shrouded bush, clad in armour, bewildered policemen took him to be a ghost, a [[bunyip]], and "[[Satan|Old Nick]] himself".]]
Seriously wounded, Kelly lay in the bush for most of the night.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=35–38}} At dawn (about 7 a.m.), dressed in his armour and armed with three handguns, he came out of the bush and attacked the police from their rear. Eyewitnesses variously compared the figure moving in the early morning mist to a [[bunyip]], the devil, and a ghost.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=412–13}} Journalist [[Tom Carrington (illustrator)|Tom Carrington]] wrote:{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=414}}
{{blockquote|With the steam rising from the ground, it looked for all the world like the [[ghost (Hamlet)|ghost of Hamlet's father]] with no head, only a very long thick neck ... It was the most extraordinary sight I ever saw or read of in my life, and I felt fairly spellbound with wonder, and I could not stir or speak.}}
[[File:Ned Kelly capture.jpg|thumb|Sergeant Steele and railway guard Dowsett capture Kelly.]]
Police returned fire as Kelly moved towards the hotel, staggering from his injuries, the weight of his armour, and the impact of bullets on the plate iron, which he later described as "like blows from a man's fist." Kelly had difficulty aiming, firing and reloading his weapons due to his injuries and limited vision through his helmet.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 259–62, 382.</ref>
The gun battle lasted under half an hour{{Em dash}}Dan and Hart providing intermittent covering fire from the hotel{{Em dash}}until Steele brought down Ned with two shotgun blasts to his unprotected legs and thighs. Ned was disarmed and carried to the railway station where a doctor attended to his injuries.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=414–18}} He was later found to have more than twenty-eight wounds, including serious gunshot wounds to his left elbow and right foot, multiple less serious gunshot wounds, and cuts and abrasions from his armour.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 383.</ref>{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=25–26}}
[[File:Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg|thumb|right|Monument marking the spot of Kelly's capture]]
In the meantime the siege continued. Around 10 a.m., a ceasefire was called and the remaining thirty hostages left the hotel. The police ordered the hostages to lie down and they were checked to ensure that the outlaws were not among them. Two of the hostages were arrested for being known Kelly sympathisers.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 265.</ref>
===Fire and aftermath===
[[File:JonesHotel.jpeg|left|thumb|Ruins of Jones's Hotel after the fire]]
By Monday afternoon, a crowd of some 600 spectators had gathered at Glenrowan, and Dan and Hart had ceased shooting. Unwilling to allow his men to storm the hotel, Sadleir ordered a cannon to be sent to blast out the outlaws but then decided to burn them out. At 2.50 p.m, Senior Constable Charles Johnson, supported by covering fire from the police, set fire to the Glenrowan Inn.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=162}}
[[Matthew Gibney]], a Catholic priest, entered the burning building in an attempt to rescue anyone inside and discovered the bodies of Byrne, Dan and Hart. The exact circumstances of the deaths of Dan and Hart remain a mystery.{{sfn|McMenomy|1984|p=163}} Police recovered the body of Byrne from the hotel bar and rescued the seriously wounded hostage Martin Cherry from the kitchen behind the hotel, but he died soon after. After the fire died out at 4 p.m., the police recovered the badly burnt bodies of Dan and Hart.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=162–63}}
[[File:Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg|thumb|Police and Aboriginal trackers pose in front of the "Kelly Tree".]]
The death toll at Glenrowan included three members of the Kelly gang and the hostages Cherry, John Jones (who died the following day at Wangaratta Hospital) and George Metcalf (who died from his gunshot wound several months later).{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=23}}{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=27–29}} Jones' sister Jane received a head wound during the siege from a stray bullet, and two years later died from a lung infection that her mother believed was hastened by the injury.{{sfn|Kelson|McQuilton|2001|p=147}} Others wounded were hostages Michael Reardon and his baby sister Bridget (who was grazed by a bullet), Superintendent Hare and "an Aboriginal trooper", unnamed, as only the names of white victims were considered worth recording at the time.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=23}}{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=134, 138}}
The following day, the police tied Byrne's body to the door of the Benalla lockup to be photographed. His friends asked for the body, but the police instead arranged a hasty inquiry and burial in a pauper's grave in Benalla Cemetery. The charred remains of Dan and Hart were taken to Greta and buried by their families in unmarked graves in the local cemetery.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 274, 280, 282.</ref>
==Trial and execution==
[[File:Ned Kelly in court.jpg|thumb|left|Kelly in the dock]]
Kelly survived to stand trial on 19 October 1880 in Melbourne before Sir Redmond Barry, the judge who had earlier sentenced Kelly's mother to three years in prison for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=}} Charles Smyth and Arthur Chomley appeared for the Crown, and the novice barrister Henry Bindon for the prisoner.{{Sfn|Castles|2005|p=180}} Kelly was presented on the charge of murdering constables Lonigan and Scanlan, but was never charged with the murder of Sergeant Kennedy. The trial was adjorned to 28 October and the prosecution chose not to proceed with the charge of Scanlan's murder.{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=179, 183, 185}}
Kelly was convicted of the willful murder of Lonigan and sentenced to death by hanging. After handing down the sentence, Barry concluded with the customary words, "May God have mercy on your soul", to which Kelly replied, "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there where I go".{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=191–94}} Barry was to die of natural causes only twelve days after Kelly's execution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Peter |date=1969 |title=Barry, Sir Redmond (1813–1880) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barry-sir-redmond-2946 |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography}}</ref>
On 3 November, the Executive Council of Victoria decided that Kelly was to be hanged eight days later, 11 November, at the [[Old Melbourne Gaol]].{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=460}} In the week leading up to the execution, thousands turned out at street rallies across Melbourne demanding a reprieve for Kelly, and on 8 November, a petition for clemency with over 32,000 signatures, some of which were of a suspicious nature, was presented to the governor's private secretary. The Executive Council announced soon after that the hanging would proceed as scheduled.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=461–63}}
[[File:Ned Kelly Scaffold.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly goes to the gallows]]
The day before his execution, Kelly had his photographic portrait taken as a keepsake for his family, and he was granted farewell interviews with relatives. One newspaper reported that his mother's last words to him were, "Mind you die like a Kelly", but Jones and Castles have questioned this.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 320.</ref>{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=213–14}}
The following morning, John Castieau, the governor of the gaol, informed Kelly that the hour of execution had been fixed at 10 a.m. Kelly's leg-irons were removed, and at 9 a.m. he was led out by warders accompanied by the chaplain Dean Donaghy. When passing the gaol's garden he commented on the beauty of the flowers.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 321.</ref> Accounts differ about Kelly's [[last words]]. Some newspaper reporters wrote that it was, "Such is life", while other newspapers recorded that this was his response when Castieau told him of the intended hour of his execution, earlier that day.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}} ''[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]]'' wrote that Kelly's last words were, "Ah, well, I suppose it has come to this", as the rope was placed round his neck.<ref name="THE EXECUTION OF EDWARD KELLY">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5982177 |title=The Execution of Edward Kelly |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 November 1880 |access-date=3 February 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031548/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5982177 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to another account, Kelly intended to make a speech, but "made no audible sound".{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}} The warden later wrote that Kelly, when prompted to say his last words, mumbled something indiscernible.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}}[[File:ned kelly armour library.JPG|thumb|upright|Kelly's armour on display in the [[State Library of Victoria]]. The helmet, breastplate, backplate and shoulder plates show 18 bullet marks. Also on display are Kelly's [[Snider Enfield]] rifle and one of his boots.]]
==Royal Commission and aftermath==
[[File:Royal Commission Kelly Outbreak.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The royal commission into police conduct during the Kelly outbreak resulted in many force members being censured, reprimanded, demoted, suspended or dismissed]]
In March 1881, the Victorian government approved a Royal Commission into the conduct of the Victorian police during the Kelly Outbreak.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=479}} Over the next six months, the commission, chaired by [[Francis Longmore]], held sixty-six meetings, examined sixty-two witnesses and visited towns throughout "Kelly Country". While its report found that the police had acted properly in relation to the criminality of the Kellys, it exposed widespread corruption and ended a number of police careers, including that of Chief Commissioner Standish.<ref>''[http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8 Past Patterns, Future Directions: Victoria Police and the Problems of Corruption and Serious Misconduct] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419074108/http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8 |date=19 April 2018 }}'' (2007). [[Office of Police Integrity]]. {{ISBN|978-0-9757991-0-9}}. pp. 19–20.</ref> Numerous other officers, including senior staff, were reprimanded, [[demotion|demoted]] or suspended. It concluded with a list of thirty-six recommendations for reform.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=}} Kelly hoped that his death would lead to an investigation into police conduct, and although the report did not exonerate him or his gang, its findings were said to strip the authorities "of what scanty rags of reputation the Kellys had left them."{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=479}}
The £8,000 reward money was divided among various claimants with £6,000 going to members of the Victorian police, Superintendent Hare receiving the lion's share of £800. Curnow complained about his payout of £550, and the following year it was upgraded to £1,000. Seven Aboriginal trackers involved in the siege were each awarded £50, but their money was given to the Victorian and Queensland governments for safekeeping, the Reward Board's argument being, "It would not be desirable to place any considerable sum of money in the hands of persons unable to use it."{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=478–79}}
There was media and police speculation that there would be further outbreaks of violence in north-eastern Victoria following Kelly's execution.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). ''Ned Kelly, a short life''. Port Melbourne: Lothian Books. pp. 325, 332–33. {{ISBN|0-85091-631-3}}.</ref> Jones and Dawson argue that changes in policing methods reduced this threat. The police held informal discussions with the Kelly family to assure them that they would be treated fairly if they kept the peace. The police no longer pursued a policy of dispersing the family and their sympathisers by denying them land in north-eastern Victoria, but rather explicitly tied access to land to lawful behaviour.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 326–27</ref>{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=48}} During the Royal Commission there were threats of violence and intimidation against people who had assisted the police.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 331–32</ref>{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=49–50}} Nevertheless, the police reported a reduction in horse and cattle theft and crime in general in the region following Kelly's death.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=207}}
Kelly's mother was released from prison in February 1881. Jones states that she met with Greta police constable Robert Graham soon after, and they reached an understanding which helped reduce tension in the community.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 333–34</ref> Mrs Kelly died, aged 95, on 27 March 1923.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16076308 |title= Bushranger's Mother |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=29 March 1923 |access-date=12 August 2012 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
==Remains and graves==
[[File:National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, Australia - Joy of Museums - Ned Kelly - Death Mask.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly's [[death mask]] on display in the [[National Portrait Gallery (Australia)|National Portrait Gallery]]]]
In line with the practice of the day, no records were kept regarding the disposal of an executed person's remains. Kelly was buried in the "old men's yard", just inside the walls of Old Melbourne Gaol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71238643 |title=DEEMING'S GEAVE. |newspaper=[[Australian Town and Country Journal|Australian Town and Country Journal (NSW : 1870–1907)]] |location=NSW |date=28 May 1892 |access-date=8 October 2012 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71238643 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Dissection===
On 14 May 1881, a newspaper reported that Kelly's body was [[dissection|dissected]] by medical students who removed his head and organs for study.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3150874 |title=OUR MELBOURNE LETTER. |newspaper=[[The Northern Territory Times|Northern Territory Times and Gazette (Darwin, NT : 1873–1927)]] |location=Darwin, NT |date=14 May 1881 |access-date=16 September 2013 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3150874 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dissection outside of a coronial enquiry was illegal. Public outrage at the rumour raised real fears of public disorder, leading the commissioner of police to write to the gaol's governor, who denied that a dissection had taken place. Saw cuts on a piece of his [[occipital bone]] recovered in 2011 confirmed that a dissection had indeed been done.<ref name="Head">[http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead Ned's Head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926193647/http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead|date=26 September 2011}} [[SBS One]] Documentary: The scientific investigation and DNA testing of Kelly's skeletal remains 4 September 2011</ref>
===Thefts of remains===
In 1929, the Old Melbourne Gaol was closed for routine [[demolition]], and the bodies in its graveyard were uncovered during the demolition works. During the recovery of the bodies, spectators and workers stole skeletal parts and skulls from a number of graves, including one marked with an arrow and the initials "E.K."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21366334 |title=Ned Kelly's Grave|newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |date=14 January 1929 |access-date=14 August 2012 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> in the belief they belonged to Kelly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3998574 |title=NED KELLY'S GRAVE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=13 April 1929 |access-date=5 April 2012 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031532/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3998574 |url-status=live }}</ref> The E.K. marked grave was situated by itself, and on the opposite side of the yard where the rest of the graveyard was situated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66218475 |title=DISHONORED DEAD. |newspaper=Oakleigh Leader |location=North Brighton, Vic. |date=22 December 1894 |access-date=9 September 2014 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The site foreman, Harry Franklin, retrieved the skull from the E.K. marked grave and gave it to the police. As no provision had been made for the disposal of the remains, Franklin had the bodies reburied in Pentridge Prison at his own expense.<ref name="Head"/> The skull from the E.K. marked grave, which had been stored at the Victorian Penal Department, was taken to [[Canberra]] for research by Sir Colin Mackenzie, the first director of the [[Australian Institute of Anatomy]], in 1934. For a period of time it was lost, but was later found while cleaning out an old safe in 1952.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65505208 |title=Ned's Skull is Now Locked Up. |newspaper=[[Benalla Ensign]] |location=Vic. |date=8 January 1953 |access-date=8 October 2012 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031534/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/65505208 |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1972 the skull was put on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol until it was stolen on 12 December 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110928966 |title=Ned Kelly's skull stolen. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=13 December 1978 |access-date=1 September 2014 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110928966 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investigation in 2010 proved that the displayed skull was in fact the one recovered in 1929.<ref name="Head"/>
===Historical and forensic investigation of remains===
On 9 March 2008, it was announced that Australian archaeologists believed they had found Kelly's grave on the site of Pentridge Prison.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters <!-- |author-link=Jonathan Standing --> |first=Jonathan |last=Standing |location=[[Sydney]] |date=9 March 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309 |title=Grave of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly said found |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109224747/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bones were uncovered at a mass grave and Kelly's were among those of thirty-two felons who had been executed by hanging. Jeremy Smith, a senior [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] with [[Heritage Victoria]], said that, "We believe we have conclusively found the burial site but that is very different from finding the remains". Ellen Hollow, Kelly's then 62-year-old grand-niece, offered to supply her own DNA to help identify his bones.<ref>''The Times'', 10 March 2008.</ref>
On the anniversary of Kelly's hanging, 11 November 2009, Tom Baxter handed the skull in his possession to police. It was historically and forensically tested along with the Pentridge remains. The skull was compared to a cast of the skull that had been stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol in 1978 and proved to be a match. The skull was then compared to that in a newspaper photograph of worker Alex Talbot holding the skull recovered in 1929 which showed a close resemblance. Talbot was known to have taken a tooth from the skull as a souvenir and a media campaign to find the whereabouts of the tooth led to Talbot's grandson coming forward. The tooth was found to belong to the skull, confirming it was indeed the skull recovered in 1929.
In 2004, before the skull was handed to police, a [[plaster cast|cast]] of the skull was made and compared to the [[death mask]]s of those executed at Old Melbourne Gaol, which eliminated all but two. The two were those of Kelly and [[Ernest Knox]], who had been executed in March 1894 (headstone marked E.K., 19–3–94) and buried near Frederick Deeming (headstone marked with the initials A.W. and a D underneath). In April 1929, the skulls of the E.K. marked grave (which was thought at the time to belong to Kelly) and Deeming were looted from the excavated graves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130315308 |title=GHOULISH SCRAMBLE. |newspaper=[[The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser]] |location=NSW |date=17 April 1929 |access-date=5 September 2014 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130315308 |url-status=live }}</ref> The death mask of Knox and a facial reconstruction of a cast of the skull were a close match.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zinn|first=Christopher|date=8 August 2004|title=Ned's Head|work=ABC News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905170843/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm|archive-date=5 September 2004}}</ref>
In 2010 and 2011, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine performed a series of craniofacial super-imposition, CT scanning, anthropology and DNA tests on the skull recovered from the E.K. grave and concluded it was not Kelly's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/|title=VIFM Media Release – Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227000228/http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the remains of Deeming's brother was exhumed from Bebington cemetery and tissue samples were obtained from a [[femur]] bone. A DNA profile was successfully obtained from the samples and compared with a DNA profile that had been previously obtained from the skull that was stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol. The DNA profiles did not match, conclusively proving that the skull is not Deeming's.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ned Kelly|editor1=Cormick, Craig|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4863-0176-8|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008182730/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html|title=Frederick Deeming: Australia's first serial killer|work=The Age|date=17 September 2014|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004180128/http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is now accepted that the skull recovered in 1929 and later displayed in the Old Melbourne Gaol was not Kelly's or Deeming's.<ref name="Head"/>
[[Forensic pathologist]]s also examined the bones from Pentridge, which were much decayed and jumbled with the remains of others, making identification difficult. The collar bone was found to be the only bone that had survived in all the skeletons and these were all DNA tested against that of Leigh Olver. A match to Kelly was found and the associated skeleton turned out to be one of the most complete. Kelly's remains were additionally identified by partially healed right foot, right knee and left elbow injuries matching those caused by the bullet wounds at Glenrowan as recorded by the gaol's surgeon in 1880 and by the fact that his head was missing, likely removed for [[phrenology|phrenological]] study. A section from the back of a skull (the [[Occipital bone|occipital]]) was recovered from the grave that bore saw cuts that matched those present on several neck vertebrae, indicating that the skull section belonged to the skeleton and that an illegal dissection had been performed.<ref name="Head"/>
In August 2011, scientists publicly confirmed a skeleton exhumed from the old Pentridge Prison's mass graveyard was indeed Kelly's.<ref name=WSJ2Sep2011>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |page=A6 |date=2 September 2011 |title=Scientists Nab an Australian Outlaw <!-- |author-link=Enda Curran --> |first=Enda |last=Curran |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131934/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live }} (Article on the web is slightly different from the print edition.)</ref> The skeleton was missing most of its skull, the whereabouts of which are unknown.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html |title=A Hero's Legend and a Stolen Skull Rustle Up a DNA Drama |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 August 2011 |author-link=Christine Kenneally |first=Christine |last=Kenneally |access-date=8 September 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070007/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Final burial===
On 1 August 2012, the Victorian government issued a licence for Kelly's bones to be returned to the Kelly family, who made plans for his final burial. The family also appealed for the person who possessed Kelly's skull to return it.<ref>''Time'' magazine [http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/ "Outlaw Ned Kelly's Remains Given to Family – 132 Years After His Death", 6 August 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810204555/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/ |date=10 August 2012 }} Retrieved on 13 August 2012.</ref>
On 20 January 2013, Kelly's relatives granted his final wish and buried his remains in consecrated ground at Greta cemetery near his mother's unmarked grave. A piece of Kelly's skull was also buried with his remains and was surrounded by concrete to prevent looting. The burial followed a [[Requiem Mass]] held on 18 January 2013 at St Patrick's Catholic Church in Wangaratta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html|title=Ned Kelly laid to rest|work=The Age|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123074952/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Headstone===
During the [[Great Depression]], the [[City of Bayside|Bayside City Council]] built bluestone walls to protect local beaches from erosion. The stones were taken from the outer walls of the Old Melbourne Gaol and included the "headstones" of those executed and buried on the grounds. Most, including Kelly's, were placed with the engravings (initials and date of execution) facing inwards.<ref>[http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm Bluestone Seawall (stories in the stones)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023180428/http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm |date=23 October 2012 }} [[City of Bayside|Bayside City council]]</ref>
==Legacy==
===Kelly myth===
[[File:Ned Kelly letterbox.jpg|thumb|A homemade letterbox in the style of Ned Kelly's armour, [[Bullio, New South Wales|Bullio]], [[Southern Highlands (New South Wales)|Southern Highlands]], New South Wales]]
The myth surrounding Ned Kelly has become pervasive in Australian culture, and Kelly has become one of Australia's most recognised national symbols. Academic and folklorist Graham Seal writes:<ref name=":0">Seal, Graham (2011). ''Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History''. Anthem Press, {{ISBN|978-0-85728-792-2}}. pp. 99–100.</ref>
{{blockquote|Ned Kelly has progressed from outlaw to national hero in a century, and to international icon in a further 20 years. The still-enigmatic, slightly saturnine and ever-ambivalent bushranger is the undisputed, if not universally admired, national symbol of Australia.}}
Seal argues that Kelly's story taps into a number of myths including the [[Robin Hood]] tradition of the outlaw hero and the myth of the [[The bush|Australian bush]] as a place of freedom from oppressive authority. Kelly is often seen as the embodiment of characteristics thought to be typically Australian such as defying authority, siding with the underdog and fighting bravely for one's beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seal|first=Graham|title=Ned Kelly in Popular Tradition|publisher=Hyland House|year=1980|isbn=0-908090-32-3|location=Melbourne|pages=16, 28}}</ref> This view of Kelly was already evident in the aftermath of his death. In an 1881 review of a performance of a play about the Kelly gang, ''Ostracised'', staged that year at Melbourne's [[Princess Theatre (Melbourne)|Princess Theatre]], ''The Australasian'' wrote:<ref>Review dated 13 August 1881, in Stephen Torre, ed., ''The Macquarie Dictionary of Australian Quotations'', 1990, Plays and Playwrights, p. 307</ref>
{{blockquote|... judging from the way in which the applause was dealt out, it was pretty certain that the exploits of the outlaws excited admiration and prompted emulation. ... In short ''Ostracised'' will help to confirm the belief, in the young mind of Victoria, that the Kellys were martyrs and not sanguinary ruffians.}}
According to Ian Jones, after Kelly's death, "a Robin Hood-like figure survived: good-looking, brave, a fine horseman and bushman and a crack shot, devoted to his mother and sisters, a man who treated all women with courtesy, who stole from the rich to give to the poor, who dressed himself in his enemy's uniform to outwit him. Most of all a man who stood against the police persecutors of his family and was driven to outlawry when he defended his sister against a drunken constable. Such was Ned Kelly the myth[.]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Ian|title=Ned Kelly, a short life|publisher=Lothian Books|year=1995|isbn=0-85091-631-3|location=Port Melbourne|page=338}}</ref> Seal states that Kelly was aware of the tradition of the bushranger-hero and attempted to live up to the myth. The Euroa and Jerilderie raids were partly public performances where the Kelly gang acted courteously to women, burned mortgage documents and entertained their hostages.<ref>Seal, Graham (2011). pp. 125–26.</ref>
By the time Kelly was outlawed, bushranging was an anachronism. Australia was highly urbanised, the telegraph and the railway were rapidly connecting the bush to the city, and Kelly was already an icon for a romanticised past.<ref name=":3">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 16–17.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Hobsbawn|first=E. J.|title=Bandits|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1969|location=London|pages=112–13}}</ref> For Seal, the failure of the Kelly gang to derail the train at Glenrowan was a symbol of the triumph of modern civilisation.<ref name=":3" /> Macintyre states that Kelly turning agricultural equipment into defensive armour was an irresistible symbol of a passing era.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mcintyre|first=Stuart|title=A Concise History of Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-72848-5|edition=Fifth|location=Port Melbourne|pages=107–08}}</ref> Seal concludes:<ref>Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 174–75.</ref>
{{blockquote|... [T]he figure of Ned Kelly has led to the creation of a national image that bears some relation to the man himself{{Em dash}}perhaps about the same resemblance as Ned Kelly's armour had to the plough mouldboards from which it was beaten. ... He is different things to different people{{Em dash}}a murderer, an Australian Robin Hood, a [[social banditry|social bandit]], a revolutionary leader, even a commercial commodity. But to most of us he is somehow essentially Australian.}}
===Cultural impact===
{{further|Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly}}
[[File:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|thumb|An actor playing Kelly in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film]]
Thanks to the telegraph, the siege at Glenrowan became a national and international media event. Songs, poems, popular entertainments, fiction, books, and newspaper and magazine articles about the Kelly gang proliferated in the decades after Kelly's death. By 1943 there were forty-two major published works about Kelly.<ref name=":1">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 19, 130–64.</ref>
Kelly has figured prominently in [[Cinema of Australia|Australian cinema]] since the 1906 release of ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'', the world's first dramatic feature-length film.<ref>Bertrand, Ina; D. Routt, William (2007). ''The Picture that Will Live Forever: The Story of the Kelly Gang''. Australian Teachers and Media. {{ISBN|978-1-876467-16-6}}, pp. 3–19.</ref> Among those who have portrayed him on screen are [[Australian rules football]] player [[Bob Chitty]] (''[[The Glenrowan Affair]]'', 1951), rock musician [[Mick Jagger]] (''[[Ned Kelly (1970 film)|Ned Kelly]]'', 1970), [[John Jarratt]] (''[[The Last Outlaw (miniseries)|The Last Outlaw]]'', 1980), [[Heath Ledger]] (''[[Ned Kelly (2003 film)|Ned Kelly]]'', 2003) and [[George MacKay (actor)|George MacKay]] (''[[True History of the Kelly Gang (film)|True History of the Kelly Gang]]'', 2019).<ref>Groves, Don (9 November 2017). [https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/ "How many Ned Kelly movies are too many?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043737/https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/|date=17 June 2018}}, ''[[If Magazine]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</ref> A comic film, ''[[Reckless Kelly]]'' (1993), drew on the Kelly legend.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=260}}
In the visual arts, [[Sidney Nolan]]'s 1946–47 Kelly series is considered "one of the greatest sequences of Australian painting of the twentieth century".<ref>[http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926 Ned Kelly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602083432/http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926|date=2 June 2015}}, [[National Gallery of Australia]]. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2018|title=Sidney Nolan's Ned Kelly – in pictures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812212851/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures|archive-date=12 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> His stylised depiction of Kelly's helmet has become an iconic Australian image. Hundreds of performers dressed as "Nolanesque Kellys" starred in the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Sydney Olympics]].<ref>[[Lyn Innes|Innes, Lyn]] (2008). ''Ned Kelly: Icon of Modern Culture''. Helm Information Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-903206-16-4}}, p. 247.</ref>
In literature, Douglas Stewart's verse drama ''Ned Kelly'' was first performed in 1942.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=456}} Robert Drewe's ''Our Sunshine'' (1991) is a fictionalised account of the Glenrowan siege.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=134}} In 2001, [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] won the [[Booker Prize]] for his novel ''[[True History of the Kelly Gang]]'', written from Kelly's perspective, which resulted in the 2019 film of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hans|first=Simran|date=1 March 2020|title=True History of the Kelly Gang review – rock'n'roll makeover of an Aussie outlaw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/01/true-history-of-kelly-gang-review|access-date=10 September 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The [[Ned Kelly Awards]] are Australia's premier prizes for crime fiction and true crime writing.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=359–60}}
The first ballads about the Kelly gang were published in 1879 and it quickly became a popular genre.<ref name=":1" /> In 1939 [[Tex Morton]] recorded a country and western-style ballad about Kelly, and singers including [[Slim Dusty]], [[Smoky Dawson]] and [[Buddy Williams (country musician)|Buddy Williams]] followed.<ref>Seal, Graham (1980). p. 151</ref> Non-Australian artists who have recorded songs about Kelly include [[Waylon Jennings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ned Kelly (original score)|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ned-kelly-original-score-mw0000865387|access-date=10 September 2021|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> and [[Johnny Cash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnny Cash, A Man in Black (1971)|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-man-in-black-mw0000885026|access-date=10 September 2021|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref>
The term "Kelly tourism" describes towns such as Glenrowan which sustain themselves economically "almost entirely through Ned's memory", while "Kellyana" refers to the collecting of Kelly memorabilia, merchandise, and other paraphernalia. The phrase "[[wikt:such is life|such is life]]", Kelly's probably apocryphal final words, has become an oft-quoted part of the legend. "[[wikt:as game as Ned Kelly|As game as Ned Kelly]]" is an expression for bravery,<ref name="Barry 1974">{{cite encyclopedia | author=Barry, John V. | title=Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855–1880) | chapter=Edward (Ned) Kelly (1855–1880) | encyclopedia=Australian Dictionary of Biography | volume=5 | publisher=Melbourne University Press | year=1974 | pages=6–8 | url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm | access-date=8 April 2007 | archive-date=21 March 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122238/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> and the term "[[wikt:Ned Kelly beard|Ned Kelly beard]]" is used to describe a trend in "[[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]" fashion.<ref>[http://ozwords.org/?p=6939 "Australian National Dictionary Centre's Word of the Year 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215085836/http://ozwords.org/?p=6939 |date=15 December 2014 }}, Ozwords. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref> The rural districts of north-eastern Victoria are collectively known as "Kelly Country".{{sfn|Kenneally|1929|p=15}}
===Controversy over political legacy===
[[File:Melbourne Punch Communism.png|thumb|upright|An 1879 political cartoon titled "Our Rulers", published in ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', depicts Kelly, Premier [[Graham Berry]], and a personification of ''[[The Age]]'' dancing around the flag of [[communism]].]]
In 1969 [[Eric Hobsbawm]], in ''[[Bandits (book)|Bandits]]'', argued that Ned Kelly was in the tradition of the social bandit, a type of peasant outlaw and symbol of social rebellion with significant community support.<ref name=":4" /> McQuilton expanded on the social bandit thesis, arguing that the Kelly outbreak should be seen in the context of deteriorating economic conditions in rural Victoria in the 1870s and a conflict over land between selectors (mostly small farmers) and squatters (mostly wealthier pastoralists who had initially acquired their runs by "squatting" on Crown land).{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987}} Jones,{{Sfn|Jones|2010}} Molony{{Sfn|Molony|2001}} and others argue that Kelly was a political rebel with considerable support among selectors and labourers in north-eastern Victoria. Jones claims that Kelly intended to derail the train at Glenrowan to incite a rebellion of disaffected selectors and declare a "Republic of North-eastern Victoria".<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 213, 220–25.</ref>
Others have disputed these claims. Morrissey argues that McQuilton and Jones have exaggerated the degree of economic distress and support for Kelly among local selectors.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=13–18, 151–56, 181–87}} Dawson argues that Kelly did not draw up a republican declaration or plan a political rebellion, writing: "there is no mention of any such document, plan or intention in any record of Kelly’s day, nor in the numerous interviews and memoirs of those connected with the gang, or its prisoners who listened to Kelly’s speeches while held up, nor in the work of early historians of the outbreak who knew the Kellys, their gang, their sympathisers, or the pursuing police."{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=1}}
Seal states that Kelly proposed "a basic form of wealth redistribution" in his Jerilderie Letter, when the outlaw suggested that the wealthy squatters of the district should establish a charitable fund for the local poor, orphans and widows.<ref name=":2">Seal, Graham (2011) pp. 110–11.</ref> Morrissey sees the social justice element of the letter as a traditional call for the rich to help the poor with an additional argument that it is in their own interest to do so. While Kelly frequently complained of oppression by the police and squatters, and evoked historical Irish grievances against the English, his response was expressed in terms of a violent reckoning rather than a political program.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=152–58}}
==See also==
* [[List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland]]
* [[Steph Ryan]], the former member for [[Electoral district of Euroa|Euroa]], is a distant relative of Ned Kelly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Darren|date=16 May 2014|title=Such is life for candidate|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/such-is-life-for-candidate-20140516-38frd.html|access-date=27 May 2021|website=The Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Darren|title=New Nationals MP Stephanie Ryan breaks the country party's mould|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/new-nationals-mp-stephanie-ryan-breaks-the-country-partys-mould-20141203-11z7qj.html|access-date=10 September 2021|website=The Age|date=3 December 2014 }}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist|notes=
{{efn|name=dob|The date of Kelly's birth is not known, and there is no record of his [[baptism]]. Kelly himself thought he was 28 years old when he was hanged.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Arrival of Ned Kelly in Melbourne.|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196695949|work=Trove|date=3 July 1880|access-date=21 August 2021|quote=Look across there to the left. Do you see a little hill there?" Walsh replied that he did, and the outlaw continued, "That is where I was born, about twenty-eight years ago."}}</ref> Evidence for a December 1854 birth is from a 1963 interview with family descendants Paddy and Charles Griffiths quoting Ned's brother Jim Kelly who said it was a family tradition that Ned's birth was "at the time of the [[Eureka Stockade]]", which took place on 3 December 1854.<ref name="Jones2010p346">{{harvnb|Jones|2010|p=346}}</ref> In July 1870, Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, recorded Ned's age as 15½, which could easily refer to a December 1854 birth.<ref name="Jones2010p346"/> There is also a remark made by G. Wilson Brown, school inspector, in his notebook on 30 March 1865, where he noted that Ned Kelly was 10 years and 3 months old.<ref name="Jones2010p346"/> The only evidence given in support for Ned Kelly's birth being in June 1855 is from the death certificate of his father, John Kelly, who died on 27 December 1866. Ned Kelly's age is written as 11½.}}
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
'''Non-fiction'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baron|first1=Angeline|year=2004|last2=White|first2=David|title=Blood in the Dust: Inside the Minds of Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne|publisher=Network Creative Services Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9580162-5-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Basu|first=Laura|year=2012|title=Ned Kelly as Memory Dispositif: Media, Time, Power, and the Development of Australian Identities|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-028879-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Max|author-link=Max Brown (novelist)|year=2005|title=Australian Son: The Story of Ned Kelly|publisher=Network Creative Services Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9580162-6-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Castles|first=Alex C.|author-link=Alex Castles|year=2005|title=Ned Kelly's Last Days: Setting the Record Straight on the Death of an Outlaw|url=https://archive.org/details/nedkellyslastday0000cast|url-access=registration|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74115-914-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Corfield|first=Justin|title=The Ned Kelly Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lothian Books|year=2003|isbn=0-7344-0596-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Cormick|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Cormick|year=2014|title=Ned Kelly: Under the Microscope|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0178-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Stuart|year=2018|title=Ned Kelly and the Myth of a Republic of North-Eastern Victoria|isbn=978-1-64316-500-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Dunstan|first=Keith|author-link=Keith Dunstan|year=1980|title=Saint Ned: The Story of the Near Sanctification of an Australian Outlaw|publisher=Methuen Australia|isbn=978-0-454-00198-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Farwell|first=George|author-link=George Farwell|year=1970|title=Ned Kelly: The Life and Adventures of Australia's Notorious Bushranger|publisher=Cheshire|isbn=978-0-7015-1319-1}}
* {{cite book|last=FitzSimons|first=Peter|author-link=Peter FitzSimons|year=2013|title=Ned Kelly|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=978-1-74275-890-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Jones (author)|year=2010|title=Ned Kelly: A Short Life|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=978-0-7336-2579-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Ned|editor=McDermott, Alex|year=2012|title=The Jerilderie Letter: Text Classics|publisher=Text Publishing|isbn=978-1-921922-33-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kelson|first1=Brendon|year=2001|last2=McQuilton|first2=John|title=Kelly Country: A Photographic Journey|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0-7022-3273-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kenneally|first=J.J.|year=1929|author-link=J. J. Kenneally|title=Inner History of the Kelly Gang|publisher=The Kelly Gang Publishing Company|location=Dandenong, Victoria}}
* {{cite book|last=Kieza|first=Grantlee|year=2017|title=Mrs Kelly|publisher=HarperCollins Australia|isbn=978-1-74309-717-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Macfarlane|first=Ian|title=The Kelly Gang Unmasked|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-551966-2|location=South Melbourne}}
* {{cite book|last=McMenomy|first=Keith|year=1984|title=Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated History|publisher=C. O. Ross|isbn=978-0-85902-122-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=McQuilton|first=John|title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880|publisher=Melbourne University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-522-84332-8|location=Carlton}}
* {{cite book|last1=Meredith|first1=John|author-link1=John Meredith (folklorist)|year=1980|last2=Scott|first2=Bill|author-link2=Bill Scott (author)|title=Ned Kelly: After a Century of Acrimony|publisher=Lansdowne Press|isbn=978-0-7018-1470-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Molony|first=John|author-link=John Molony|year=2001|title=Ned Kelly|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|isbn=978-0-522-85013-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Morrissey|first=Doug|title=Ned Kelly, a Lawless Life|publisher=Connor Court|year=2015|isbn=978-1-925138-48-1|location=Ballarat}}
* {{cite book|last=Seal|first=Graham|year=2002|title=Tell 'em I Died Game: The Legend of Ned Kelly|publisher=Hyland House Pub|isbn=978-1-86447-047-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Terry|first=Paul|year=2012|title=The True Story of Ned Kelly's Last Stand|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-76011-087-1}}
{{refend}}
'''Fiction'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Carey |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Carey (novelist) |year=2012 |title=True History of the Kelly Gang |publisher=Random House Australia |isbn=978-1-74274-895-5|title-link=True History of the Kelly Gang }}
* {{cite book |last=Masson |first=Sophie |author-link=Sophie Masson |year=2010 |title=My Australian Story: The Hunt for Ned Kelly |publisher=Scholastic Australia |isbn=978-1-921990-72-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Drewe |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Drewe |year=2010 |title=Our Sunshine |publisher=Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-14-320476-3|title-link=Our Sunshine }}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Keneally |author-link=Thomas Keneally |year=1981 |title=Ned Kelly and the City of the Bees |publisher=D.R. Godine |isbn=978-1-56792-022-2}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource author}}{{wikiquote}}{{Wikivoyage|Ned Kelly Tourism}}
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-635784 Kelly, Ned (1855–1880)] National Library of Australia, ''Trove, People and Organisation record'' for Ned Kelly
* [https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/collection/highlights/ned-kelly The Kelly collection, including John Hanlon's transcript of the Jerilderie letter] at the [[National Museum of Australia]]
* [https://prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/explore-topic/ned-kelly-historical-collection Ned Kelly Historical Collection, Public Records Office of Victoria]
* [http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/ned-kelly/ Culture Victoria – historical images and video interview with Peter Carey about his novel "True History of the Kelly Gang"]
* {{Library resources about |viaf= 47572730}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ned Kelly |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2416}}
{{Ned Kelly}}
{{Bushrangers |state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Ned}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian criminals]]
[[Category:Australian bank robbers]]
[[Category:Bushrangers]]
[[Category:Australian outlaws]]
[[Category:People executed by Australia by hanging]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:People from the Colony of Victoria]]
[[Category:People executed by Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Australian people convicted of murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Executed Australian people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Australia]]
[[Category:1878 murders in Australia]]
[[Category:People from the City of Whittlesea]]
[[Category:People executed by Australian colonies by hanging]]
[[Category:Ned Kelly]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Australian bushranger (1854–1880)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = lebron my sunshine
Kelly
| image_name = Ned Kelly in 1880.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kelly on 10 November 1880, {{awrap|the day before his execution}}
| birth_name = Edward Kelly
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1869|12||df=y}}{{efn|name=dob}}
| birth_place = [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]], [[Colony of Victoria]], Australia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1880|11|11|1854|12||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Melbourne]], Colony of Victoria, Australia
| alias =
| occupation = [[Bushranger]]
| conviction_penalty = balls
| conviction_status = Executed
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = {{ubl|{{#ifexist: John "Red" Kelly|[[John "Red" Kelly]] (1820–1866)}}|{{#if:{{is redirect|Ellen Kelly}}||[[Ellen Kelly]] (née Quinn) (1832–1923)}}}}
| conviction = {{cslist|Murder|assault|theft|armed robbery}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan Kelly]] (brother)|[[Kate Kelly (sister of Ned Kelly)|Kate Kelly]] (sister)}}
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
}}
'''Edward Kelly''' (December 1854{{efn|name=dob}}{{snd}}11 November 1880) was an Australian [[bushranger]], outlaw, gang leader and convicted police-murderer. One of the last bushrangers, he is known for wearing [[armour of the Kelly gang|a suit of bulletproof armour]] during his final shootout with the police.
Kelly was born in the then–British [[colony of Victoria]] as the third of eight children to Irish parents. His father, a [[Convicts in Australia|transported convict]], died shortly after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor [[selection (Australian history)|selector]] family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the [[Squattocracy]] and as victims of persecution by the [[Victoria Police]]. While a teenager, Kelly was arrested for associating with bushranger [[Harry Power]] and served two prison terms for a variety of offences, the longest stretch being from 1871 to 1874 on a conviction of receiving a stolen horse. He later joined the "[[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] Mob", a group of [[Australian bush|bush]] [[larrikin]]s known for stock theft. A violent confrontation with a policeman occurred at the Kelly family's home in 1878, and Kelly was indicted for his attempted murder. Fleeing to the bush, Kelly vowed to avenge his mother, who was imprisoned for her role in the incident. After he, his younger brother [[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan]], and two associates—[[Joe Byrne]] and [[Steve Hart]]—shot dead three policemen, the government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws.
Kelly and his gang eluded the police for two years, thanks in part to the support of an extensive network of sympathisers. The gang's crime spree included raids on [[Euroa]] and [[Jerilderie]], and the killing of [[Aaron Sherritt]], a sympathiser turned police informer. In [[Jerilderie Letter|a manifesto letter]], Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government and the British Empire—set down his own account of the events leading up to his outlawry. Demanding justice for his family and the rural poor, he threatened dire consequences against those who defied him. In 1880, when his attempt to [[derailment|derail]] and ambush a police train failed, he and his gang, dressed in armour fashioned from stolen [[plough#Parts|plough mouldboards]], engaged in a final gun battle with the police at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]]. Kelly, the only survivor, was severely wounded by police fire and captured. Despite thousands of supporters attending rallies and signing a petition for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out at the [[Old Melbourne Gaol]].
Historian [[Geoffrey Serle]] called Kelly and his gang "the last expression of the lawless frontier in what was becoming a highly organised and educated society, the last protest of the mighty bush now tethered with iron rails to Melbourne and the world".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Serle |first=Geoffrey |title=The Rush to Be Rich: A History of the Colony of Victoria 1883–1889 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-522-84009-4 |page=11 |author-link=Geoffrey Serle}}</ref> In the century after his death, Kelly became a [[cultural icon]], inspiring [[Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly|numerous works in the arts and popular culture]], and is the subject of more biographies than any other Australian. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland: some celebrate him as Australia's equivalent of [[Robin Hood]], while others regard him as a murderous villain undeserving of his folk hero status.<ref>Brear, Bea (9 April 2003). [https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883 "Ned Kelly: freedom fighter or villain?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120051/https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883 |date=24 December 2013 }}, ''[[Green Left Weekly]]''. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref> Journalist [[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Martin Flanagan]] wrote: "What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—it's that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night."<ref>[[Martin Flanagan (journalist)|Flanagan, Martin]] (30 March 2013). [http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html "Rebels who knew the end was coming, but stood up anyway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520001417/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html |date=20 May 2013 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</ref>
==Family background and early life==
[[File:Kelly House at Beveridge.jpg|thumb|left|Kelly's boyhood home, built by his father in [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]] in 1859]]
Ned Kelly's father, John Kelly (known as "Red"), was born in 1820 at Clonbrogan, near Moyglas, [[County Tipperary]] in Ireland.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=284}} At the age of 21, he was found guilty of stealing two pigs{{sfn|Molony|2001|pp=6–7}} and was transported on the prison ship ''Prince Regent'', arriving at Hobart Town, [[Van Diemen's Land]] (now [[Hobart]] in the Australian state of [[Tasmania]]), on 2 January 1842. After finishing his sentence in January 1848, Red moved to the Colony of Victoria and found work at James Quinn's farm at [[Wallan, Victoria|Wallan Wallan]] as a bush carpenter.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=284}}
On 18 November 1850, Red married Ellen Quinn, his employer's 18-year-old daughter, at [[St Francis Church, Melbourne|St Francis Church]], Father Gerard Ward officiating.{{sfn|Jones|2010}} The couple subsequently turned their attention to gold-digging and earned enough to buy a small [[freehold (law)|freehold]] in [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]], just north of [[Melbourne]].{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=284–85}}
[[File:Ned Kelly green sash.jpg|thumb|At age 11, Kelly saved a young boy from drowning in a creek, and was awarded this green sash in recognition of his bravery. Kelly wore the sash under [[armour of the Kelly gang|his armour]] during [[#Last stand and capture|his last stand]] at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]]. It remains stained with his blood. (Benalla Museum)]]
Edward ("Ned") Kelly was his parents' third child.<ref name="TA2">{{Cite news|last=Aubrey|first=Thomas|date=11 July 1953|title=The Real Story of Ned Kelly|page=9|work=The Mirror|location=Perth|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75734010|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031430/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75734010|archive-date=10 July 2020|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The exact date of his birth is not known, but was probably in December 1854.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=261}}{{efn|name=dob}} Ned was possibly baptised by an Augustinian priest, [[Charles O'Hea]], who also administered last rites to Kelly before his execution.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=378}} Ned's parents had seven other children: Mary Jane (born 1851, died as an infant aged 6 months), Annie (later Annie Gunn) (1853–1872), Margaret (later Margaret Skillion) (1857–1896), James ("Jim", 1859–1946), Daniel ("Dan", 1861–1880), Catherine ("Kate", later Kate Foster) (1863–1898) and Grace (later Grace Griffiths) (1865–1940).{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=262–63}}
Ned Kelly's family did not prosper at Beveridge and his father began drinking heavily.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=286}} In 1864 the family moved to [[Avenel, Victoria|Avenel]], near [[Seymour, Victoria|Seymour]], where they soon attracted the attention of local police.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=2016}} As a boy Kelly obtained basic schooling and became familiar with the bush. In Avenel he risked his life to save another boy from [[drowning]] in Hughes Creek;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Larry|date=11 December 2004|title=Ned was a champ with a soft spot under his armour|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924194201/http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> the boy's family gave him a green sash, which he wore under his armour during his final showdown with police in 1880.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rennie|first1=Ann|last2=Szego|first2=Julie|date=1 August 2001|title=Ned Kelly saved our drowning dad ... the softer side of old bucket head|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006002528/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
In 1865, Red was convicted in relation to the theft of a calf and sentenced to a fine of £25 or six months' [[hard labour]]. Although the family could not afford to pay the fine, there is no record of Red being transferred to [[Old Kilmore Gaol|Kilmore Gaol]]. In December 1866, Red was fined for being drunk and disorderly. Badly affected by alcoholism, he died at Avenel on 27 December 1866.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=286}}
The following year, the Kellys moved to [[Greta, Victoria|Greta]] in north-eastern Victoria, near the Quinns and their relatives by marriage, the Lloyds. In 1868 Ned's uncle Jim Kelly was convicted of arson after setting fire to the rented premises where the Kellys and some of the Lloyds were staying. Jim was sentenced to death, but this was later commuted to fifteen years of hard labour.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=264}} The family soon [[Selection (Australian history)|leased a small farm]] of {{Cvt|88|acre|m2}} at Eleven Mile Creek near Greta. The Kelly selection was probably unsuitable for successful farming, and Ellen supplemented her income by offering accommodation to travellers and illegally selling alcohol.{{sfn|Jones|1995|pp=26–31}}
==Rise to notoriety==
===Bushranging with Harry Power===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = Bushranger Harry Power.jpg
| width1 = 138
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Harry Power]] has been described as Kelly's bushranging "mentor".
| image2 = Harry Power capture.jpg
| width2 = 162
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Power's capture. Kelly was accused of informing on the bushranger.
}}
In 1869, fourteen-year-old Kelly met Irish-born Harry Power (alias of Henry Johnson), a transported convict who turned to bushranging in north-eastern Victoria after escaping Melbourne's Pentridge Prison. The Kellys formed part of Power's network of sympathisers, and by May 1869 Ned had become his bushranging protégé. At the end of the month, they attempted to steal horses from the [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]] property of [[Squatting (Australian history)|squatter]] John Rowe as part of a plan to rob the [[Woods Point, Victoria|Woods Point]]–Mansfield gold escort. They abandoned the idea and fled back into the bush after Rowe shot at them, and Kelly temporarily broke off his association with Power.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=85–86}}
Kelly's first brush with the law occurred in mid-October 1869 over an altercation between him and a Chinese pig-and-fowl dealer from [[Morses Creek]] named Ah Fook. According to Fook, as he passed the Kelly family home, Ned brandished a long stick and declared himself a bushranger before robbing him of 10 shillings. Kelly gave evidence in court that Fook had abused his sister Annie in a dispute over Fook's request for a drink of water; Fook then beat Ned with a stick after he came to his sister's defence. Annie and two family-related witnesses corroborated Ned's story and the charge was dismissed.{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
Kelly reconciled with Power in March 1870 and, over the next month, the pair committed a series of armed robberies as police scrambled to find them and identify Power's young accomplice. By the end of April, the press had named Kelly as the culprit, and a few days later he was captured by police and confined to [[HM Prison Beechworth|Beechworth Gaol]]. Kelly fronted court on three separate robbery charges, the first two of which were dismissed as none of the victims could positively identify him. On the third charge, the victims also reportedly failed to identify Kelly, but they were in fact refused the chance by Superintendents Nicolas and Hare. Instead, Nicolas told the magistrate that Kelly fitted the description and asked for him to be remanded for trial. Kelly was sent to Melbourne where he spent the weekend in a lock-up before being transferred to [[Kyneton]] to face court. No evidence was produced in court, and Kelly was released after a month.
Historians tend to disagree over this episode: some see it as evidence of police harassment; others believe the Kelly family intimidated the witnesses, making them reluctant to give evidence. Another factor in the lack of identification may have been that the witnesses had described Power's accomplice as a "[[half-caste]]" (a person of [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] and European descent). However, the police believed this to be the result of Kelly going unwashed.{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
Power often camped at Glenmore Station, a large property owned by Kelly's maternal grandfather, James Quinn, which sat at the headwaters of the [[King River (Victoria)|King River]]. In June 1870, while resting in a mountainside [[humpy|gunyah]] (bark shelter) that overlooked the property, Power was captured by a police search party. Following his arrest, word spread within the community that Kelly had informed on him. Kelly denied the rumour, and in [[s:Ned Kelly Letter to Sgt. James Babington|a letter]] that bears the only surviving example of his handwriting, he pleads with Sergeant James Babington of Kyneton for help, saying that "everyone looks on me like a black snake". The informant turned out to be Kelly's uncle, Jack Lloyd, who received £500 for his assistance.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 51–56</ref> However, Kelly had also given information which led to Power's capture and it is possible that the charges against him were dropped in exchange for this information. Power always believed that Kelly was responsible for the betrayal.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=35–37}}
Reporting on Power's criminal career, the ''[[Benalla Ensign]]'' wrote:{{sfn|Jones|2010}}
{{blockquote|The effect of his example has already been to draw one young fellow into the open vortex of crime, and unless his career is speedily cut short, young Kelly will blossom into a declared enemy of society.}}
===Horse theft, assault and imprisonment===
[[File:Ned Kelly aged 15.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mugshot of Kelly, aged 15]]
In October 1870, a hawker named Jeremiah McCormack accused a friend of the Kellys, Ben Gould, of stealing his horse. Gould wrote an indecent note to give to McCormack's childless wife, that was used to wrap two calves' testicles. Kelly passed the note to one of his cousins to give to the woman. When McCormack confronted Kelly later that day, Kelly punched him in the nose, causing McCormack to fall. Kelly was arrested for his part in sending the calves' parts and the note and for assaulting McCormack. He was sentenced to three months' hard labour on each charge.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=265}}
Kelly was released from Beechworth Gaol on 27 March 1871, five weeks early, and returned to Greta. Three weeks later, horse-breaker Isaiah "Wild" Wright arrived in town to see his friend Alex Gunn, a Scottish miner who had married Kelly's older sister. Wright was riding a chestnut mare which he had "borrowed" without telling the owner, the postmaster of Mansfield. Kelly later claimed that he was unaware that the horse didn't belong to Wright. According to Kelly, the mare went missing that night and Gunn lent Wright one of his own horses, promising that, if he found the mare, he would keep it until Wright returned. Kelly said that as soon after Wright departed, the mare was found by Gunn and a neighbour, William (Brickey) Williamson. Kelly then took the mare to [[Wangaratta]], where he stayed for four days.
On 20 April 1871, while riding back into Greta, Kelly was intercepted by Constable Edward Hall, who suspected that the horse was stolen. He directed Kelly to the police station on the pretence of having to sign some papers. As Kelly dismounted, Hall tried to grab him by the scruff of the neck but failed. When Kelly resisted arrest, Hall drew his revolver and tried to shoot him, but it misfired three times. He was then overpowered by Kelly, who later said that he straddled him and dug spurs into his thighs, causing the constable to "[roar] like a big calf attacked by dogs". After subduing Kelly with the assistance of seven bystanders, Hall [[Pistol-whipping|pistol-whipped]] him until his head became "a mass of raw and bleeding flesh".{{sfn|FitzSimons|2013|pp=81–82}}
Kelly and Gunn were charged with horse stealing. James Murdoch, a friend and neighbour of the Kellys, gave evidence that Ned had implied to him that the horse was stolen and had tried to recruit him to steal other horses.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=37–38, 202}} When it was later revealed that Kelly was still in Beechworth Gaol when the horse was taken, the charges were downgraded to "[[felony|feloniously]] receiving a horse". Kelly and Gunn were sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour. Wright received eighteen months for illegal use of a horse.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=507}}[[File:Ned Kelly boxing.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly after defeating Isaiah "Wild" Wright in a 20-round bare-knuckle boxing match, August 1874]]
Kelly served his sentence at Beechworth Gaol, then at Pentridge Prison. On 25 June 1873, his good behaviour earned him a transfer to the prison ship ''Sacramento'', anchored off [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]]. He returned to Pentridge after several months and was released on 2 February 1874, six months early, for good behaviour. When he returned to Greta, his brother Jim was in prison for horse theft and his mother soon married an American, George King.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=265–66}}
To settle the score with Wright over the chestnut mare, Kelly fought him in a [[bare-knuckle boxing]] match at the Imperial Hotel in Beechworth, 8 August 1874. Kelly won after twenty rounds and was declared the unofficial boxing champion of the district.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}} Soon afterwards, a Melbourne photographer took a portrait of Kelly in a boxing pose. Wright became an ardent supporter of Kelly.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=165}}
=== Whitty larceny ===
After his release from prison, Kelly worked at a sawmill and later for a builder. In early 1877 he joined his step-father in an organised horse stealing operation along with Wright, Brickey Williamson, Joe Byrne, Aaron Sherritt, Allen Lowry and Albert Saxon. Kelly later claimed that the group stole 280 horses.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=266}} A number of this group also belonged to the Greta Mob, a gang of "bush larrikins" who adopted a distinctive "flash" form of dress. The Greta Mob also included Ned's brothers Jim and Dan, and his cousins Tom and Jack Lloyd.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=204}}
On 18 September 1877, Kelly was arrested in [[Benalla]] for riding over a footpath while drunk. The following day he was involved in a brawl with four police officers who were escorting him to court. Two of the officers involved were constables Alex Fitzpatrick, who was a friend of Kelly, and Tom Lonigan, who had grabbed Kelly by the testicles during the fracas. Kelly was found guilty of being drunk and disorderly, resisting arrest and assaulting a police officer. He was fined and released. The claim that Kelly vowed that if ever he should shoot a man it would be Lonigan is probably apocryphal.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 98–100.</ref> However, Kelly later claimed that Fitzpatrick subsequently harassed his family because Kelly had knocked him down during the brawl.
In August 1877 Kelly, with his step-father George King and a number of accomplices, stole eleven horses from a paddock owned by James Whitty, a wealthy local grazier. Kelly altered the brands on the horses and sold six of them to William Baumgarten, a horse dealer in [[Barnawartha]], near the New South Wales border. On 26 September the horses were listed as stolen and the police began an investigation. On 10 November, Baumgarten and his brother Gustav were arrested for selling stolen horses and the police were on Kelly's trail. A warrant for his arrest in relation to the "Whitty [[larceny]]" was sworn in March 1878 and a further warrant for the arrest of his younger brother Dan was issued on 5 April. George King had disappeared, never to be seen again.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 95–106.</ref>
==Fitzpatrick incident==
===Fitzpatrick's version of events===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header =
| image1 = ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg
| width1 = 88
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Constable Fitzpatrick
| image2 = Kelly House at Greta.jpg
| width2 = 212
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Remains of the Kelly residence at Greta, site of the Fitzpatrick incident
}}
On 11 April 1878, Constable Strachan, the officer in charge of Greta police station, heard that Kelly was at a shearing shed in New South Wales and was given leave to apprehend him. Constable Fitzpatrick was ordered to Greta for relief duty. Fitzpatrick read in the ''Police Gazette'' of a warrant for Dan Kelly's arrest for horse stealing, and he discussed with his sergeant at Benalla the idea of calling at the Kelly home on the way to Greta to arrest Dan. The sergeant agreed but warned him to be careful. On 15 April, Fitzpatrick rode through [[Winton, Victoria|Winton]] ''en route'' to Greta, stopping at the hotel there where he had one [[brandy]] and lemonade.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=201–04}}
Finding Dan not at home, Fitzpatrick remained with Kelly's mother, in conversation, for about an hour. Three children were also present. According to Fitzpatrick, upon hearing someone chopping wood, he went to ensure that the chopping was licensed. The man proved to be Brickey Williamson, a neighbour, who said that he didn't need a licence because he was chopping wood on his own selection.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=205–08}}
Fitzpatrick saw two horsemen making towards the Kelly house. The men proved to be the teenaged Dan Kelly and his brother-in-law, Bill Skillion (also known as Bill Skilling). Fitzpatrick returned to the house and made the arrest. Dan asked to be allowed to have dinner before leaving. The constable consented, and stood guard over his prisoner.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=205–08}}
Minutes later, Ned Kelly rushed in through the front door and fired a shot at Fitzpatrick with a revolver, missing him. Kelly's mother then hit Fitzpatrick over the head with a fire shovel. There was a struggle and Kelly fired two more shots, wounding Fitzpatrick just above his left wrist. During the struggle, Skillion and Williamson entered the room, both armed with revolvers. Dan disarmed Fitzpatrick and now had his revolver.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=208–10}}
Ned told Fitzpatrick that he wouldn't have fired at him if he had known it was him. Fitzpatrick fainted and when he regained consciousness Kelly compelled him to extract the bullet from his own arm with a knife; Kelly's mother dressed the wound. Kelly concocted a cover story and said that if Fitzpatrick told this story he would reward him after the Baumgarten case was over. Kelly's mother said that if he mentioned what really happened his life would be no good to him. Fitzpatrick was allowed to leave. He had ridden away about a mile when he found that two horsemen were pursuing, but by spurring his horse into a gallop he escaped to the Winton hotel and was assisted inside by the manager. His wound was rebandaged and he was given a brandy and water. The manager then rode with him to Benalla where he reported the affair to his superior officer.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=210–13}}
===Kelly family version of events===
{{Blockquote|text=The witness which can prove Fitzpatrick's falsehood can be found by advertising and if this is not done immediately horrible disasters shall follow. Fitzpatrick shall be the cause of greater slaughter to the rising generation than St. Patrick was to the snakes and toads in Ireland. For had I robbed, plundered, ravished and murdered everything I met my character could not be painted blacker than it as present but thank God my conscience is as clear as the snow in Peru.
|source=Kelly in a letter sent to Superintendent John Sadleir and parliamentarian Donald Cameron, December 1878<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Kelly Gives Statement of his Murders of Sargent Kennedy and Others, and Makes Other Threats |url=https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Public Record Office Victoria |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831174059/https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
In an interview three months before his [[execution]], Kelly said that at the time of the incident, he was 200 miles from home. According to him, his mother had asked Fitzpatrick if he had a warrant and Fitzpatrick replied that he had only a telegram, to which his mother said that Dan need not go. Fitzpatrick then said, pulling out a revolver, "I will blow your brains out if you interfere". His mother replied, "You would not be so handy with that popgun of yours if Ned were here". Dan then said, trying to trick Fitzpatrick, "There is Ned coming along by the side of the house". While he was pretending to look out of the window for Ned, Dan cornered Fitzpatrick, took the revolver and released Fitzpatrick unharmed. If Fitzpatrick suffered any wounds they were possibly self-inflicted. Skillion and Williamson were not present.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=9 August 1880|title=Interview with Ned Kelly|work=The Age|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202153563|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
In 1879 Ned's sister Kate, who was aged 14 at the time of the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had made a sexual advance to her.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=217}} After Kelly was captured, he denied that Fitzpatrick tried to take liberties with Kate: "No, that is a foolish story; if he or any other policeman tried to take liberties with my sister, Victoria would not hold him".<ref name=":02" />
In 1929 journalist [[J. J. Kenneally]] gave yet another version of the incident based on interviews with the remaining Kelly brother, Jim, and Kelly cousin and gang providore Tom Lloyd. In this version Fitzpatrick was drunk when he arrived at the Kelly house, and while sitting in front of the fire he pulled Kate onto his knee, provoking Dan to throw him to the floor. In the ensuing struggle, Fitzpatrick drew his revolver, Ned appeared, and with his brother seized the constable, disarming him, but not before he struck his wrist against the projecting part of the door lock, an injury he claimed to be a gunshot wound.{{Sfn|Kenneally|1929|loc=Chapter 2}}
Three police officers later gave sworn evidence that Kelly, after his capture, admitted he had shot Fitzpatrick.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=215}} In 1881, Brickey Williamson, who was seeking remission for his sentence in relation to the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had drawn his revolver.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=214–15}} Jones and Dawson have argued that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick but it was his friend Joe Byrne who was with him, not Bill Skillion.{{Sfn|Jones|1995|pp=115–18}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dawson|first=Stuart|date=2015|title=Redeeming Fitzpatrick: Ned Kelly and the Fitzpatrick Incident|journal=Eras Journal|volume=17|issue=1|pages=60–91}}</ref>
===Trial===
Williamson, Skillion and Ellen Kelly were arrested and charged with aiding and abetting attempted murder; Ned and Dan were nowhere to be found. The three appeared on 9 October 1878 before Judge [[Redmond Barry]]. Fitzpatrick's doctor, who had treated his wound, gave evidence that the constable "was certainly not drunk" and that his wounds were consistent with his statement. The defence declined to call Ned's sisters, Kate and 12-year-old Grace, to give evidence even though they were eyewitnesses. The defence did call two witnesses to give evidence that Skillion wasn't present, which would cast doubt on Fitzpatrick's entire evidence. One of these witnesses was a friend of the Kellys, the other, Joe Ryan, a relative. Ryan revealed that Ned was in Greta that afternoon, which was damaging to the defence. Ellen Kelly, Skillion and Williamson were convicted as accessories to the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. Skillion and Williamson both received sentences of six years' and Ellen three years of hard labour.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=220–44}}
Ellen's sentence was considered harsh, even by people who had no cause to be Kelly sympathisers, especially as she was nursing a newborn baby. Alfred Wyatt, a police magistrate in Benalla, told the later [[Royal Commission]], "I thought the sentence upon that old woman, Mrs Kelly, a very severe one."{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=220}}
==Stringybark Creek police murders==
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=300
| image1 = Bushranger Dan Kelly.jpg |width1=157|height1=
| image2 = SteveHart.jpg |width2=143|height2=
| image3 = Joe Byrne the 19th-century outlaw.jpg |width3=177|height3=
| footer = Greta mob members [[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan Kelly]] (left), [[Steve Hart]] (centre) and [[Joe Byrne (bushranger)|Joe Byrne]] (right) took to bushranging with Ned Kelly after the Fitzpatrick incident.
}}
[[File:Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg|thumb|upright|Clockwise from top left: Constable Lonigan, Sergeant Kennedy, Constable McIntyre and Constable Scanlan]]
After the Fitzpatrick incident, Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went into hiding and were soon joined by Steve Hart, a friend of Dan. They were based at Bullock Creek in the Wombat Ranges, where they made money sluicing gold and distilling whisky, and were supplied with provisions and information by sympathisers including Ned's cousin Tom Lloyd.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=460–61}}
The police had received information that the Kelly gang were in the Wombat Ranges at the head of the King River and, on 25 October 1878, two mounted police parties were dispatched to search for them. One party, consisting of Sergeant Michael Kennedy and constables Michael Scanlan (sometimes spelled Scanlon), Thomas Lonigan and Thomas McIntyre camped overnight in an abandoned mining site at [[Stringybark Creek]], about twenty-five miles north of [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]].{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=259–60}} They were unaware that they were only 1.5 miles from the Kelly gang's hideout{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=76}} and that Ned had observed their tracks.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=259–60}}
On the following morning, Kennedy and Scanlan went scouting while McIntyre and Lonigan remained at the camp. At about 5 p.m. the four members of the Kelly gang emerged from the bush and ordered the two policemen in the camp to bail up and raise their arms. According to McIntyre, each member of the gang was armed with a [[rifle]], but according to Ned they only had two guns.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} McIntyre was unarmed at the time and raised his arms. According to McIntyre, Lonigan made a motion to draw his revolver and ran for the cover of a tree a few yards away. Ned immediately shot Lonigan, killing him.<ref>Jones (1995) p. 364.</ref> According to Ned, Lonigan had ducked behind a fallen tree and Ned shot him as he raised his head to fire.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}
[[File:Stringybark_attack.jpg|left|thumb|The Kelly gang prepares to open fire as Kennedy and Scanlan arrive. Lonigan's body lies in the foreground.]]
The Kelly gang questioned McIntyre and armed themselves with the policemen's shotgun and revolvers.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} At about 5.30 p.m., Kennedy and Scanlan returned on horseback and the Kelly gang hid themselves. According to McIntyre, he walked towards Kennedy but before he could speak to him, the Kelly gang ordered the police to bail up. Kennedy tried to unclip his gun holster and shots were fired by the gang. McIntyre advised Kennedy to surrender as he was surrounded. Meanwhile, Scanlan dismounted and was shot while trying to unsling his rifle. McIntyre stated that Scanlan didn't have time to fire a shot. According to Ned, Scanlan fired and Ned shot him as he tried to fire again. Scanlan died soon after.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}<ref>Jones (1995). p. 136.</ref>
Kennedy had dismounted and, according to McIntyre, tried to surrender without firing a shot, but the gang continued firing at him. According to Kelly, Kennedy hid behind a tree and started firing. Kennedy retreated into the bush. Ned and Dan pursued him for almost a mile,{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=87}} exchanging gunfire with the sergant, before Ned shot him in the right side. According to Ned, Kennedy then turned around to face him and Ned shot him in the chest with his shotgun, not realising that Kennedy had dropped his revolver and was turning to surrender.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}}
In the exchange of gunfire, McIntyre, who was still unarmed, mounted Kennedy's horse and was able to escape.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=70–73}} He reached Mansfield police station the following day and a search party quickly found the bodies of Lonigan and Scanlan. Kennedy's body was found two days later.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=462}} The bodies had been looted of watches, rings, and other personal items.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=92}} Post-mortem examinations showed that Lonigan had been shot three times: through the arm, the leg and the right eye, the latter being the cause of death. Scanlan had four bullet wounds. Kennedy had at least two bullet wounds, one a shotgun wound through the chest fired from very close range.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=76–77}}
McIntyre's initial accounts of the shootout were given at Mansfield on 27 October and at the [[inquest]] into the deaths of Lonigan and Scanlan on 29 October. Kelly's initial accounts of the killings were given in his Cameron Letter of December 1878 and Jerilderie Letter of February 1879.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=69–73}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=Ned|title=The Jerilderie Letter|publisher=Text Publishing|year=2001|isbn=1-876485-89-2|editor-last=McDermott|editor-first=Alex|location=Melbourne|pages=42–63}}</ref> These, and later accounts by McIntyre and Kelly, varied in their details. Jones, Morrissey and others have questioned the credibility of some aspects of both versions of events.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 132–33.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=216–28}}
In the Jerilderie letter, Kelly claimed that he had been told that a number of police officers had boasted that they would shoot him without giving him a chance to surrender. He also claimed that the weapons (especially the two rifles) and amount of ammunition the police party carried indicated their intention of killing him rather than arresting him. He claimed that these circumstances, and the failure of the police to surrender when ordered to, justified him killing them in self-defence.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=216–228}} McIntyre stated that he told Kelly that the intention of the police party was to arrest him and that they were not excessively armed in the circumstances. He stated that it was the Kelly gang who confronted the police with their weapons drawn and that they did not give the police a realistic chance to surrender.<ref>Jones (1995) pp. 132, 134.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=69}}
===Outlawed under the ''Felons Apprehension Act''===
[[File:Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png|thumb|Proclamation by Governor [[George Bowen]] declaring Ned and Dan Kelly outlaws]]
News of the police murders led to widespread fear of the bushrangers. On 28 October, the [[government of Victoria]] announced a reward of £800 (£200 per head) for their arrest, and this was soon increased to £2,000. On 31 October 1878, the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian parliament]] passed the ''Felons Apprehension Act'', which [[Coming into force|came into effect]] on 1 November. Three days later, notices were published throughout the colony giving the bushrangers until 12 November to surrender themselves. On 15 November the four members of the Kelly gang, not having surrendered themselves, were declared outlaws. As a result, members of the gang could be killed without challenge by anyone finding them armed or who had a reasonable suspicion that they were armed. The act also penalised anyone who gave "any aid, shelter or sustenance" to the outlaws or withheld information, or gave false information, to the authorities. Punishment was "imprisonment with or without hard labour for such period not exceeding fifteen years".<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 144, 146, 159–60.</ref> The ''Felons Apprehension Act'' eventually lapsed on 26 June 1880, just before the siege at Glenrowan.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Eburn|first=Michael|date=2005|title=Outlawry in Colonial Australia, the Felons Apprehension Acts 1865–1899|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZLawHisteJl/2005/6.pdf|journal=ANZLH e-Journal|volume=25|pages=80–93}}</ref>
The Victorian act was based on the ''Felons Apprehension Act'' of 1865, which was passed by the [[Parliament of New South Wales]]. The act had been enacted in response to the bushrangers [[Daniel Morgan (bushranger)|Dan Morgan]] and [[Ben Hall (bushranger)|Ben Hall]]. In response to the Kelly gang, the New South Wales parliament re-enacted their legislation as the ''Felons Apprehension Act 1879'' (NSW).<ref name=":12" />
==Euroa raid==
[[File:Kelly robbery Euora.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Scenes from the robbery at [[Euroa]], [[Colony of Victoria|Victoria]]]]
After the police killings, the Kelly gang unsuccessfully attempted to escape across the flooded [[Murray River]] into New South Wales before returning to their base in north-eastern Victoria. They had narrowly avoided the police on several occasions and were relying on the support of the extended Kelly family, criminal associates and other sympathisers.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 142–160.</ref>{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=294–306}}
In need of money, the Kelly gang planned to rob the bank in the small town of [[Euroa]]. On Sunday 8 December 1878, Byrne scouted the town and reported back that there would be a funeral and a sitting of the Licensing Court on the following Tuesday afternoon that many in the town would be attending. At 12.30 p.m. on 9 December, the gang held up the Younghusband pastoral sub-station at Faithfull's Creek, 3.5 miles from Euroa. Fourteen male employees and passers-by were taken hostage and held overnight in a brick outbuilding near the Faithfull's Creek homestead; female hostages were held in the homestead. One of the hostages was a passing hawker who supplied the four members of the gang with new, respectable clothes. It is probable that the hawker and a number of other hostages were sympathisers of the gang and had prior knowledge of the raid.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 161–64.</ref>
The following day, Dan guarded the hostages while Ned, Byrne and Hart rode out to cut the telegraph wires connecting Euroa to the outside world. After he did so, the gang encountered a hunting party and some railway workers, whom they held up and took back to Faithfull's Creek as hostages. Ned, Dan and Hart then went into Euroa, leaving Byrne to guard the prisoners.<ref>Jones (1995), pp. 165–67.</ref>
Just after 4 p.m., the three gang members knocked at the doors of the closed [[National Bank of Australasia]] at Euroa and gained entry from the front and back. They drew their revolvers and held up both the bank and the bank manager's living quarters. They emptied the safes and cashiers' drawers of cash and gold worth £2,260 and a small number of documents and securities.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 167–68.</ref> The fourteen members of the bank manager's household and staff were taken back to the Faithfull's Creek homestead as hostages.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=320}} There the gang performed some [[trick riding]] for the hostages, who now numbered thirty-seven people, before leaving at about 8.30 p.m., warning their captives to remain where they were for three hours or there would be reprisals.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 176–77.</ref>
Following the raid, a number of newspapers commented on the efficiency of its execution and compared it with the inefficiency of the police who had failed to capture the gang in the six weeks since the Stringybark police killings. Several hostages stated that the gang had behaved courteously and without violence during the raid.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 172.</ref> However, hostages also stated that on several occasions Kelly and other gang members had become enraged and had cocked their revolvers and pointed them at hostages, threatening to shoot them. The gang had also threatened to burn buildings containing hostages if there was any resistance.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=311–15, 324, 330–31}}
=== Cameron Letter ===
While at the Faithfull's Creek homestead, Byrne wrote out two fair copies of a letter that had been dictated by Kelly. On 14 December 1878, the copies were posted to Donald Cameron, a Victorian parliamentarian who Kelly wrongly thought was sympathetic to the gang, and John Sadleir, the police superintendent at Benalla. In the letter, Kelly made claims of police corruption and harassment of his family and gave his version of the Fitzpatrick incident, the Stringybark police killings and other events. Kelly expected Cameron to read the letter out in parliament, but the government refused to make it public. Newspapers, however, published summaries of its contents with commentary. Kelly later repeated much of the contents of the letter in the longer Jerilderie Letter.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=91–95}}
==Kelly sympathisers held==
[[File:Kelly Gang sympathisers.jpg|thumb|The imprisonment of 23 Kelly sympathisers without trial swung public sympathy away from the police. (Pictured: three of the sympathisers, left to right: John Quinn, John Stewart and Joseph Ryan)]]
On 2 January 1879, police used the ''Felons Apprehension Act'' to obtain warrants for the arrest of presumed Kelly sympathisers for aiding the outlaws. Thirty men were arrested in the following days and twenty-three were remanded in custody. Among the leading Kelly sympathisers who were held were Tom Lloyd Jr, Jimmy Quinn, Wild Wright and Joe Ryan.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=114}} Over a third were released within seven weeks due to lack of evidence, but a core of nine sympathisers had their remand renewed on a weekly basis for almost three months, despite the failure of the police to produce evidence for a committal hearing. Police claimed that their informants were reluctant to give sworn evidence for fear of reprisals.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=20–21}}
On 22 April, Police Magistrate Foster refused prosecution requests to continue remands and discharged the remaining eleven detainees. Although the police command was disturbed by this decision, by then it was clear that the tactic of holding sympathisers on continuous remand had not impeded the activities of the Kelly gang.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=21}}
Jones argues that the decision to hold key Kelly sympathisers without trial for several months swung public sympathy away from the police.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 178.</ref> Dawson, however, points out that while there was widespread condemnation of the denial of the [[civil liberties]] of those detained, this didn't necessarily mean there was widespread support for the outlaws.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=21–22}}
==Jerilderie raid==
[[File:Ned Kelly Jerilderie.jpg|thumb|The gang holds up the Jerilderie Police Station.]]
Following the Euroa raid, fifty-eight police were transferred to north-eastern Victoria (making a total of 217 police in the district), around fifty soldiers were deployed to guard banks in the region, and the reward for Kelly's capture was increased to £1,000. The Kelly gang had distributed most of the proceeds from the raid to family, friends and associates who had given them assistance. The outlaws were once more in need of funds, and planned to rob the bank at [[Jerilderie]], a town of 500 residents about forty miles across the border in New South Wales. A number of sympathisers moved into the town in the days before the raid to provide information and undercover support for the gang.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 173–74, 179–80.</ref>{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=326–28, 334, 338}}
On Friday, 7 February 1879, the Kelly gang crossed the Murray River between [[Mulwala]] and [[Tocumwal]] and camped overnight in thick forest. The following day they visited Davidson's Inn, about two miles from Jerilderie, where they drank and chatted with patrons and staff, learning more about the town and the police presence there.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 182.</ref>
Just after midnight on the morning of Sunday, 9 February, the gang went to Jerilderie police barracks, about half a mile from the town centre, on the pretext of alerting the police to a fictitious brawl at Davidson's Inn. After confirming that there were only two policemen present{{Em dash}}Senior Constable George Devine and Probationary Constable Henry Richards{{Em dash}}the gang drew their revolvers and bailed up the policemen. They secured the policemen in the lockup near the main building and spent the night in the residential quarters of the police station, where they held Devine's wife and young children hostage.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 181–82.</ref>
The Kelly gang spent most of Sunday morning preparing for the bank robbery while many of the town's population were attending church. In the afternoon, Byrne and Hart, dressed in police uniforms, took the disarmed Constable Richards with them into town so they could familiarise themselves with its layout. Richards was told to introduce the strangers as police reinforcements sent to search for the Kelly gang. The three then returned to the police barracks and the gang finalised plans for the following day's raid.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 183–85.</ref>
At 10 a.m. on 10 February, Kelly and Byrne donned police uniforms and the four outlaws took Richards with them into town. They had left Devine in the police lockup and had warned Mrs Devine that if she tried to leave the barracks they would burn it down with her and the children inside.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=346}}
The gang went into the main street of Jerilderie and held up the Royal Mail Hotel, which was next door to the Bank of New South Wales. They took the hotel staff and patrons hostage and, as the raid progressed, anyone walking into the hotel was captured and held in the hotel's parlour. It is almost certain that some of those held were sympathisers planted by the outlaws. Ned and Byrne then entered the bank from the rear, leaving Dan and Hart in control of the hotel.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 186.</ref> Ned and Byrne held up the bank, taking £2,141 in cash as well as jewellery and other valuables. Ned also took deeds, mortgages and securities from the safe which he later had burned because "the bloody banks are crushing the life's blood out of the poor, struggling man". The bank staff and several patrons were taken prisoner and transferred to the parlour of the hotel.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=347–49}}
Byrne then held up the post office and destroyed the [[telegraph key|morse key]] and insulator. Following this, several of the prisoners were ordered to take axes and bring down the telegraph poles and wires. Once the telegraph was cut, Ned went with two hostages to the newspaper owner's home where he asked for copies of his Jerilderie letter to be printed. The newspaper owner, however, had earlier escaped capture at the bank and fled the town.
After a detour to appraise a locally famous race horse, Ned returned to the hotel and delivered a speech to the hostages outlining his grievances against the police and the justice system. He then told the hostages, who now numbered about thirty, that they were free to go. However, he took Richards and the two post office workers (who knew how to operate the telegraph) with him to the police barracks.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=352–56}}
Back at the barracks, the gang secured the two policemen and two post office workers in the lockup and prepared to leave with the proceeds from the bank robbery, the police horses and police weapons. Mrs Devine was threatened with reprisals if she released the prisoners before 7.30 p.m. Dan and Byrne then rode out of Jerilderie. Ned and Hart rode back into town where Ned stayed a short while, drinking at the Albion (Traveller's Rest) Hotel with the strangers who had recently entered the town and were soon to leave. While there, the local parson, [[J. B. Gribble|John B. Gribble]], persuaded Ned to leave the race horse he had taken as it belonged to "a young lady".{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=356–62}} When Kelly and Hart left, they were not seen again by the police for 17 months.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 194.</ref>
===Jerilderie Letter===
{{main|Jerilderie Letter}}
{{Blockquote|text=I wish to acquaint you with some of the occurrences of the present past and future.|sign=Opening line of the Jerilderie Letter<ref name=conv/>}}
{{Wikisource|The Jerilderie Letter}}
[[File:Ned Kelly Jerilderie Letter.jpg|thumb|Some of the 56 pages comprising the Jerilderie Letter, on display in the [[State Library of Victoria]]]]
Prior to arriving in Jerilderie, Kelly composed a lengthy letter with the aim of tracing his path to outlawry, justifying his actions, and outlining the alleged injustices he and his family suffered at the hands of the police. He also decried the treatment of poor selector families by Victoria's [[Squatting (Australian history)|Squattocracy]] and, in "an escalating promise of revenge and retribution", invoked "a mythical tradition of Irish rebellion" against what he called "the tyrannism of the English yoke".<ref name="gelderweaver">Gelder, Ken; Weaver, Rachael (2017). ''Colonial Australian Fiction: Character Types, Social Formations and the Colonial Economy''. [[Sydney University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-74332-461-5}}, pp. 57–58.</ref> Dictated to Byrne, the Jerilderie Letter, a handwritten document of fifty-six pages and 7,391 words, was described by Kelly as "a bit of my life". He tasked Edwin Living, a local bank accountant, with delivering it to the editor of the ''[[Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser|Jerilderie and Urana Gazette]]'' for publication.{{sfn|Molony|2001|pp=136–137}} Due to political suppression, only excerpts were published in the press, based on a copy transcribed by John Hanlon, owner of the Eight Mile Hotel in [[Deniliquin]]. The entire letter was rediscovered and published in 1930.<ref name=gelderweaver/>
According to historian Alex McDermott, "Kelly inserts himself into history, on his own terms, with his own voice. ... We hear the living speaker in a way that no other document in our history achieves".{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p=xxviii}} It has been interpreted as a proto-republican manifesto;<ref name="barkham">Barkham, Patrick (4 December 2000). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham "Ned Kelly's Last Testament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204735/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham |date=19 May 2018 }}. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</ref> for others, it is a "murderous, ... maniacal rant",<ref name="farrell">Farrell, Michael (2015). ''Writing Australian Unsettlement: Modes of Poetic Invention, 1796–1945''. Springer. {{ISBN|978-1-137-46541-2}}, p. 17.</ref> and "a remarkable insight into Kelly's grandiosity".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MacFarlane |first1=Ian |last2=Scott |first2=Russ |date=2014 |title=Ned Kelly – Stock Thief, Bank Robber, Murderer – Psychopath |journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law |volume=21 |issue=5}}.</ref> Noted for its unorthodox grammar, the letter reaches "delirious poetics",<ref name="gelderweaver" /> Kelly's language being "hyperbolic, allusive, hallucinatory ... full of striking metaphors and images".<ref name="conv">Gelder, Ken (5 May 2014). [http://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898 "The case for Ned Kelly's Jerilderie Letter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141310/http://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898 |date=2 April 2015 }}, ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</ref> His invective and sense of humour are also present; in one well-known passage, he calls the Victorian police "a parcel of big ugly fat-necked [[wombat]] headed, big bellied, magpie legged, narrow hipped, splaw-footed sons of Irish bailiffs or English landlords".<ref>Woodcock, Bruce (2003). ''Peter Carey''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-6798-3}}, p. 139.</ref> The letter closes:{{sfn|Seal|2002|p=88}}
{{blockquote|neglect this and abide by the consequences, which shall be worse than the rust in the wheat of Victoria or the druth of a dry season to the grasshoppers in New South Wales I do not wish to give the order full force without giving timely warning. but I am a widows son outlawed and my orders <u>must</u> be obeyed.}}
==Reward increase and disappearance==
[[File:Reward.jpg|thumb|£8000 reward notice for the capture of the Kelly Gang, equivalent to $1.5 million in modern Australian currency]] [[File:Troopers in pursuit of Kelly Gang.jpg|thumb|left|A party of troopers participating in the hunt for the Kelly gang]]
In response to the Jerilderie raid, the New South Wales government and several banks collectively issued £4,000 for the gang's capture, dead or alive, the largest reward offered in the colony since £5,000 was placed on the heads of the outlawed [[Clarke brothers]] in 1867.<ref>Smith, Peter. C.. (2015). ''The Clarke Gang: Outlawed, Outcast and Forgotten''. Rosenberg Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-925078-66-4}}, endnotes.</ref> The Victorian government matched the offer for the Kelly gang, bringing the total amount to £8,000, bushranging's largest-ever reward.{{sfn|Kenneally|1929|p=105}}
The Victorian police continued to receive many reports of sightings of the outlaws from the public and information about their activities from their network of paid informants. The Chief Commissioner of Police, Frederick Standish, and Superintendent Francis Hare directed operations against the gang from Benalla. Hare organised frequent search parties and surveillance of the close family and associates of the outlaws.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=368–78}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=121–23}}
[[File:Queensland Police Trackers to hunt the Kelly Gang, 1879.jpg|thumb|[[Native police]] unit, sent from Queensland to Victoria in 1879 to help capture the gang|left]]
In March 1879, six Queensland [[native police]] troopers and a senior constable under the command of sub-Inspector Stanhope O'Connor were deployed to Benalla to join the hunt for the Kelly gang. O'Connor and his troopers, at the time of the request, were in active service in the [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]] region conducting punitive expeditions against Aboriginal communities and had recently massacred thirty people near Cape Bedford.<ref name=":22">{{cite news|date=10 March 1879|title=Massacre of Blacks|page=4|newspaper=[[Geelong Advertiser]]|issue=9,875|location=Victoria, Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150420895|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210423/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/150420895|archive-date=9 July 2021|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Although Kelly feared the tracking ability of the Aboriginal troopers, Standish and Hare doubted their value and they were not put to their best use.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 203–04, 222.</ref> The Aboriginal troopers were withdrawn on 25 June 1880, but quickly re-engaged following the murder of police informant Aaron Sherritt the following day.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 226, 243–44.</ref>
On 7 May 1879, Standish provided the Victorian Land Board with a list of eighty-four family members and other alleged sympathisers of the outlaws in order to prevent them buying land in the secluded areas of north-eastern Victoria. The avowed aim of the policy was to disperse the Kelly family and its sympathisers and disrupt stock theft in the region. The impact of the policy is controversial. Jones and others claim that it caused widespread resentment and hardened support for the outlaws.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 207–10.</ref> Morrissey, however, states that although the policy was sometimes used unfairly, it was effective and supported by the majority of the community.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=151–52}}
On 3 July 1879, following media and parliamentary criticism of the cost and lack of success of the Kelly gang search, Standish appointed Assistant Commissioner Charles Nicolson in charge of operations at Benalla in place of the injured Hare. Standish removed fourteen troopers and seventeen foot police from Nicolson's command, withdrew most of the soldiers guarding banks, and cut the budget for the search. Nicolson responded by cutting back search parties and relying more heavily on targeted surveillance and his network of spies and informers.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 208–09.</ref>
On 2 June 1880, after almost a year of unsuccessful efforts to capture the outlaws, Nicolson was replaced by Hare. On 20 May a police informant, Daniel Kennedy, had reported that the Kelly gang had successfully made bullet-proof armour out of agricultural equipment and were planning another raid. On 25 June, Kennedy personally reported this information to Hare. Hare dismissed the intelligence as preposterous and sacked Kennedy.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=384–86}}<ref>Jones (1995). p. 226.</ref>
==Glenrowan affair==
===Murder of Aaron Sherritt===
{{Blockquote|text=... I look upon Ned Kelly as an extraordinary man; there is no man in the world like him, he is superhuman.|sign=Aaron Sherritt to Superintendent Hare{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}}}}
[[File:Aaron Sherritt 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Sherritt showing his "larrikin heel" and wearing his hat in the Greta mob fashion with the chin strap resting under his nose]]
During the Kelly outbreak, police watch parties monitored houses belonging to relatives of the gang, including that of Byrne's mother in the Woolshed Valley near Beechworth. The police used the house of her neighbour, [[Aaron Sherritt]], former Greta Mob member and lifelong friend of Byrne, as a base of operations, sleeping inside during the day and keeping watch from nearby caves at night. Sherritt accepted police payments for camping with the watch parties and for providing information on the bushrangers' activities.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=}} It is likely that Sherritt also gave the police false information in order to protect Byrne. Detective [[Michael Edward Ward|Michael Ward]] was particularly sceptical of Sherritt's value as an informer.{{sfn|Kelson|McQuilton|2001|p=128}}<ref name=":5">Jones (1995). p. 205.</ref>
In March 1879 Byrne's mother discovered Sherritt with a police surveillance party and later publicly denounced him as a spy.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=122}}<ref name=":6">Jones (1995). p. 206</ref> In the following months, Byrne and Ned sent Sherritt messages stating that the Lloyds and Quinns wanted him shot and that it would be better for him if he joined the outlaws.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=373, 377}} When Sherritt continued his relationship with the police, Byrne warned Sherritt's mother that the outlaws were going to kill him.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=382–83}} The gang finally decided to murder Sherritt as part of their own plan, one that they boasted would "astonish not only the Australian colonies, but the whole world".{{sfn|Farwell|1970|p=193}}
[[File:MurderOfSherritt.jpg|thumb|left|An artist's depiction of the Murder of Aaron Sherritt]]
On 26 June 1880, Dan and Byrne rode into the Woolshed Valley. That evening, they kidnapped Anton Wick, who lived near Sherritt, and forced him to come with them to Sherritt's hut, which was occupied by Sherritt, his pregnant wife Ellen, Mrs Barry (Ellen's mother) and four policemen who had been stationed in the hut to guard Sherritt and spy on Mrs Byrne's home.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=390–92}}
At about 6.30 p.m., Dan went to the front door of the hut while Byrne forced Wick to knock on the back door and call out for Sherritt. When Sherritt answered the door, Byrne shot him in the throat and chest with a shotgun, killing him. Byrne then entered the hut and Dan was let in while the four policemen hid in the bedroom. Byrne heard the police scrambling for their shotguns and demanded that they come out. When the police didn't respond he fired into the bedroom. He then sent Ellen into the bedroom to bring the police out, but they held her in the room.<ref name=":7">Jones (1995). pp. 230–31.</ref>
The outlaws left the hut with Mrs Barry, collected kindling, and loudly threatened to burn alive those inside. They sent Mrs Barry back inside and the police detained her in the bedroom. After a failed attempt to set fire to the building, the outlaws stayed outside yelling threats at the occupants. They then released Wick and rode away. The siege had lasted two hours.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=392–93}}{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=122–23}}
The police didn't leave the hut until the following morning, for fear that the bushrangers would be still waiting outside for them. News of Sherritt's death only reached Hare in Benalla at 2.30 p.m. on Sunday, 27 June.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=156–57}}
===Siege and shootout===
[[File:Ned Kelly attemps to derail train.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly forces two line-repairers to damage the track at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]] in a plot to derail the Police Special Train]]
The gang estimated that the policemen inside Sherritt's hut would relay news of his murder to Beechworth by early Sunday morning, prompting a special police train to be sent up from Melbourne. They also surmised that the train would collect reinforcements in Benalla before continuing through [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]], a small town in the [[Warby Ranges]]. There, the gang planned to derail the train and shoot dead any survivors, then ride to an unpoliced Benalla where they would rob the banks, set fire to the courthouse, blow up the police barracks, release anyone imprisoned in the gaol, and "generally play havoc with the entire town" before returning to the bush.{{sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=57–58}}
While Byrne and Dan were in the Woolshed Valley, Ned and Hart tried, but failed, to damage the track at Glenrowan, so they forced two local [[platelayer]]s and some labourers camped nearby to finish the job. The outlaws selected a sharp curve in the line that ran across a deep ravine, and told their captives that they were going to "send the train and its occupants to hell".{{sfn|McMenomy|1984|p=152}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=156}}
Byrne and Dan had now arrived at Glenrowan and the gang had taken over the railway station, the stationmaster's home and Ann Jones' Glenrowan Inn, opposite the railway station and just under a mile from the town centre. The gang used the hotel to hold the workers, passers-by, and other male prisoners they gathered throughout the night and following day. Most of the women and children taken prisoner were held at the stationmaster's home. The other hotel in town, McDonnell's Railway Hotel, located on the other side of the tracks, was used to stable the gang's stolen horses, one of which carried a tin of blasting powder and fuses.<ref name=":5" /> The packhorses also carried [[Armour of the Kelly gang|suits of bullet-repelling armour]], each complete with a helmet and weighing about {{convert|44|kg}}. The armour was designed to provide protection for the outlaws as they stood on top of the embankment firing down on any survivors of the train wreck. There was no leg armour as it would hinder the outlaws' movement and wasn't necessary given the angle of any return fire up the embankment.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|p=121}}
[[File:The Kellys, the Glenrowan Quadrilles.jpg|thumb|left|A sketch by [[George Gordon McCrae]] shows the gang dancing with hostages.]]
By Sunday afternoon, the expected train still had not arrived and the outlaws had moved most of the women and children to the Glenrowan Inn. There were now sixty-two hostages including sympathisers who the gang had planted to help control the situation. As the hours passed without any sight of the train, the gang plied the hostages with drink and organised music, singing, dancing and games.<ref name=":6" /> One hostage later testified, "[Ned] did not treat us badly—not at all".<ref name="seal2">Seal, Graham (1996). ''The Outlaw Legend: A Cultural Tradition in Britain, America and Australia''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-55740-5}}, p. 159.</ref> However, Ned threatened to shoot another young hostage, keeping him "in a state of extreme terror for about half an hour".{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=44}}
During the late afternoon and evening of Sunday, Ned allowed twenty-one of the hostages who he considered trustworthy to leave. At about 10 p.m. he and Byrne captured Glenrowan's lone constable, Hugh Bracken, with the assistance of hostage Thomas Curnow, a local schoolmaster who sought to gain the gang's trust in order to thwart their plans. Believing that Curnow was a sympathiser, Ned let him and his wife return to their home close to the railway tracks, but warned them to "go quietly to bed and not to dream too loud".<ref name=":7" />{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=158}}
The police train Ned had been expecting only left Benalla after 2 a.m. on Monday. The train carried seven regular troopers under Superintendent Hare, five Queensland Aboriginal Troopers under sub-Inspector O'Connor, four journalists and several other civilians. Acting on intelligence that the tracks had been sabotaged, Hare had ordered a pilot engine to travel ahead of the police train. At 2.30 a.m., the pilot train was approaching Glenrowan when Curnow went to the tracks, signalled it to stop and alerted the driver of the danger.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 243–45.</ref>
Kelly had decided to let the hostages return home and was delivering them a lecture about police informers when Byrne came in from outside with the news that a train had arrived. The outlaws donned their armour and prepared themselves for a confrontation. Meanwhile, Bracken told the hostages to lie low and escaped to the railway station to explain the situation to the police. On hearing Bracken's news, Hare immediately led a detachment of police towards the hotel while the main body of troopers prepared the horses and equipment.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 245–49.</ref> It was just after 3 a.m.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=64}}
The four outlaws positioned themselves in the shadow of the veranda in the front of the hotel and opened fire when the police were about thirty yards away in the moonlight. The police returned fire and about 100 to 150 shots were fired in fifteen minutes. Someone shouted that there were women and children in the building and there was a lull in the shooting. Hare was wounded in the left wrist and soon had to return to Benalla for treatment. Ned was wounded in the left hand and arm and his right foot. Byrne was shot in the leg and retreated into the hotel. Two hostages were fatally wounded by police fire through the thin weatherboard walls of the building: thirteen-year-old John Jones and railway worker Martin Cherry.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 249–50.</ref> A third hostage, George Metcalf, was also fatally wounded, either by police fire or shot accidentally by Ned in an earlier incident.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 250.</ref>{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=1}}{{Wide image|Glenrowan shootout.jpg|700px|The gang and police exchange gunfire. Drawing by [[Tom Carrington (illustrator)|Tom Carrington]], one of several journalists present during the battle}}
During the lull in the firing, a number of hostages, mostly women and children, escaped from the hotel.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 251–52.</ref>{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=234–35}} Kelly, bleeding heavily from his wounds, retreated behind the hotel and made his way into the bush where police found his skull cap and rifle at around 3.30 a.m., about 100 yards from the hotel. Kelly later stated that at that time he was in the bushes not far from the police.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=34–35}}
Police surrounded the hotel throughout the night, and the firing continued intermittently. At about 5 a.m., Byrne was fatally shot in the groin while making a toast to the Kelly gang in the bar.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=36}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=161}} Between 5.30 a.m. and 7 a.m. police reinforcements under Sergeant Steele and Superintendent Sadleir arrived from Wangaratta and Benalla, taking the police contingent to about forty.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=37}}{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=160, 163}}
===Last stand and capture===
[[File:A strange apparition Ned Kelly's last stand.jpg|thumb|left|"A strange apparition": when Kelly appeared out of the mist-shrouded bush, clad in armour, bewildered policemen took him to be a ghost, a [[bunyip]], and "[[Satan|Old Nick]] himself".]]
Seriously wounded, Kelly lay in the bush for most of the night.{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=35–38}} At dawn (about 7 a.m.), dressed in his armour and armed with three handguns, he came out of the bush and attacked the police from their rear. Eyewitnesses variously compared the figure moving in the early morning mist to a [[bunyip]], the devil, and a ghost.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=412–13}} Journalist [[Tom Carrington (illustrator)|Tom Carrington]] wrote:{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=414}}
{{blockquote|With the steam rising from the ground, it looked for all the world like the [[ghost (Hamlet)|ghost of Hamlet's father]] with no head, only a very long thick neck ... It was the most extraordinary sight I ever saw or read of in my life, and I felt fairly spellbound with wonder, and I could not stir or speak.}}
[[File:Ned Kelly capture.jpg|thumb|Sergeant Steele and railway guard Dowsett capture Kelly.]]
Police returned fire as Kelly moved towards the hotel, staggering from his injuries, the weight of his armour, and the impact of bullets on the plate iron, which he later described as "like blows from a man's fist." Kelly had difficulty aiming, firing and reloading his weapons due to his injuries and limited vision through his helmet.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 259–62, 382.</ref>
The gun battle lasted under half an hour{{Em dash}}Dan and Hart providing intermittent covering fire from the hotel{{Em dash}}until Steele brought down Ned with two shotgun blasts to his unprotected legs and thighs. Ned was disarmed and carried to the railway station where a doctor attended to his injuries.{{Sfn|Kieza|2017|p=414–18}} He was later found to have more than twenty-eight wounds, including serious gunshot wounds to his left elbow and right foot, multiple less serious gunshot wounds, and cuts and abrasions from his armour.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 383.</ref>{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=25–26}}
[[File:Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg|thumb|right|Monument marking the spot of Kelly's capture]]
In the meantime the siege continued. Around 10 a.m., a ceasefire was called and the remaining thirty hostages left the hotel. The police ordered the hostages to lie down and they were checked to ensure that the outlaws were not among them. Two of the hostages were arrested for being known Kelly sympathisers.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 265.</ref>
===Fire and aftermath===
[[File:JonesHotel.jpeg|left|thumb|Ruins of Jones's Hotel after the fire]]
By Monday afternoon, a crowd of some 600 spectators had gathered at Glenrowan, and Dan and Hart had ceased shooting. Unwilling to allow his men to storm the hotel, Sadleir ordered a cannon to be sent to blast out the outlaws but then decided to burn them out. At 2.50 p.m, Senior Constable Charles Johnson, supported by covering fire from the police, set fire to the Glenrowan Inn.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|p=162}}
[[Matthew Gibney]], a Catholic priest, entered the burning building in an attempt to rescue anyone inside and discovered the bodies of Byrne, Dan and Hart. The exact circumstances of the deaths of Dan and Hart remain a mystery.{{sfn|McMenomy|1984|p=163}} Police recovered the body of Byrne from the hotel bar and rescued the seriously wounded hostage Martin Cherry from the kitchen behind the hotel, but he died soon after. After the fire died out at 4 p.m., the police recovered the badly burnt bodies of Dan and Hart.{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987|pp=162–63}}
[[File:Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg|thumb|Police and Aboriginal trackers pose in front of the "Kelly Tree".]]
The death toll at Glenrowan included three members of the Kelly gang and the hostages Cherry, John Jones (who died the following day at Wangaratta Hospital) and George Metcalf (who died from his gunshot wound several months later).{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=23}}{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|pp=27–29}} Jones' sister Jane received a head wound during the siege from a stray bullet, and two years later died from a lung infection that her mother believed was hastened by the injury.{{sfn|Kelson|McQuilton|2001|p=147}} Others wounded were hostages Michael Reardon and his baby sister Bridget (who was grazed by a bullet), Superintendent Hare and "an Aboriginal trooper", unnamed, as only the names of white victims were considered worth recording at the time.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=23}}{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=134, 138}}
The following day, the police tied Byrne's body to the door of the Benalla lockup to be photographed. His friends asked for the body, but the police instead arranged a hasty inquiry and burial in a pauper's grave in Benalla Cemetery. The charred remains of Dan and Hart were taken to Greta and buried by their families in unmarked graves in the local cemetery.<ref>Jones (1995). pp. 274, 280, 282.</ref>
==Trial and execution==
[[File:Ned Kelly in court.jpg|thumb|left|Kelly in the dock]]
Kelly survived to stand trial on 19 October 1880 in Melbourne before Sir Redmond Barry, the judge who had earlier sentenced Kelly's mother to three years in prison for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=}} Charles Smyth and Arthur Chomley appeared for the Crown, and the novice barrister Henry Bindon for the prisoner.{{Sfn|Castles|2005|p=180}} Kelly was presented on the charge of murdering constables Lonigan and Scanlan, but was never charged with the murder of Sergeant Kennedy. The trial was adjorned to 28 October and the prosecution chose not to proceed with the charge of Scanlan's murder.{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=179, 183, 185}}
Kelly was convicted of the willful murder of Lonigan and sentenced to death by hanging. After handing down the sentence, Barry concluded with the customary words, "May God have mercy on your soul", to which Kelly replied, "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there where I go".{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=191–94}} Barry was to die of natural causes only twelve days after Kelly's execution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Peter |date=1969 |title=Barry, Sir Redmond (1813–1880) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barry-sir-redmond-2946 |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography}}</ref>
On 3 November, the Executive Council of Victoria decided that Kelly was to be hanged eight days later, 11 November, at the [[Old Melbourne Gaol]].{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=460}} In the week leading up to the execution, thousands turned out at street rallies across Melbourne demanding a reprieve for Kelly, and on 8 November, a petition for clemency with over 32,000 signatures, some of which were of a suspicious nature, was presented to the governor's private secretary. The Executive Council announced soon after that the hanging would proceed as scheduled.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=461–63}}
[[File:Ned Kelly Scaffold.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly goes to the gallows]]
The day before his execution, Kelly had his photographic portrait taken as a keepsake for his family, and he was granted farewell interviews with relatives. One newspaper reported that his mother's last words to him were, "Mind you die like a Kelly", but Jones and Castles have questioned this.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 320.</ref>{{Sfn|Castles|2005|pp=213–14}}
The following morning, John Castieau, the governor of the gaol, informed Kelly that the hour of execution had been fixed at 10 a.m. Kelly's leg-irons were removed, and at 9 a.m. he was led out by warders accompanied by the chaplain Dean Donaghy. When passing the gaol's garden he commented on the beauty of the flowers.<ref>Jones (1995). p. 321.</ref> Accounts differ about Kelly's [[last words]]. Some newspaper reporters wrote that it was, "Such is life", while other newspapers recorded that this was his response when Castieau told him of the intended hour of his execution, earlier that day.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}} ''[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]]'' wrote that Kelly's last words were, "Ah, well, I suppose it has come to this", as the rope was placed round his neck.<ref name="THE EXECUTION OF EDWARD KELLY">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5982177 |title=The Execution of Edward Kelly |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 November 1880 |access-date=3 February 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031548/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5982177 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to another account, Kelly intended to make a speech, but "made no audible sound".{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}} The warden later wrote that Kelly, when prompted to say his last words, mumbled something indiscernible.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=8}}[[File:ned kelly armour library.JPG|thumb|upright|Kelly's armour on display in the [[State Library of Victoria]]. The helmet, breastplate, backplate and shoulder plates show 18 bullet marks. Also on display are Kelly's [[Snider Enfield]] rifle and one of his boots.]]
==Royal Commission and aftermath==
[[File:Royal Commission Kelly Outbreak.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The royal commission into police conduct during the Kelly outbreak resulted in many force members being censured, reprimanded, demoted, suspended or dismissed]]
In March 1881, the Victorian government approved a Royal Commission into the conduct of the Victorian police during the Kelly Outbreak.{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=479}} Over the next six months, the commission, chaired by [[Francis Longmore]], held sixty-six meetings, examined sixty-two witnesses and visited towns throughout "Kelly Country". While its report found that the police had acted properly in relation to the criminality of the Kellys, it exposed widespread corruption and ended a number of police careers, including that of Chief Commissioner Standish.<ref>''[http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8 Past Patterns, Future Directions: Victoria Police and the Problems of Corruption and Serious Misconduct] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419074108/http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8 |date=19 April 2018 }}'' (2007). [[Office of Police Integrity]]. {{ISBN|978-0-9757991-0-9}}. pp. 19–20.</ref> Numerous other officers, including senior staff, were reprimanded, [[demotion|demoted]] or suspended. It concluded with a list of thirty-six recommendations for reform.{{sfn|Cormick|2014|p=}} Kelly hoped that his death would lead to an investigation into police conduct, and although the report did not exonerate him or his gang, its findings were said to strip the authorities "of what scanty rags of reputation the Kellys had left them."{{sfn|Kieza|2017|p=479}}
The £8,000 reward money was divided among various claimants with £6,000 going to members of the Victorian police, Superintendent Hare receiving the lion's share of £800. Curnow complained about his payout of £550, and the following year it was upgraded to £1,000. Seven Aboriginal trackers involved in the siege were each awarded £50, but their money was given to the Victorian and Queensland governments for safekeeping, the Reward Board's argument being, "It would not be desirable to place any considerable sum of money in the hands of persons unable to use it."{{sfn|Kieza|2017|pp=478–79}}
There was media and police speculation that there would be further outbreaks of violence in north-eastern Victoria following Kelly's execution.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). ''Ned Kelly, a short life''. Port Melbourne: Lothian Books. pp. 325, 332–33. {{ISBN|0-85091-631-3}}.</ref> Jones and Dawson argue that changes in policing methods reduced this threat. The police held informal discussions with the Kelly family to assure them that they would be treated fairly if they kept the peace. The police no longer pursued a policy of dispersing the family and their sympathisers by denying them land in north-eastern Victoria, but rather explicitly tied access to land to lawful behaviour.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 326–27</ref>{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=48}} During the Royal Commission there were threats of violence and intimidation against people who had assisted the police.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 331–32</ref>{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|pp=49–50}} Nevertheless, the police reported a reduction in horse and cattle theft and crime in general in the region following Kelly's death.{{Sfn|Macfarlane|2012|p=207}}
Kelly's mother was released from prison in February 1881. Jones states that she met with Greta police constable Robert Graham soon after, and they reached an understanding which helped reduce tension in the community.<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 333–34</ref> Mrs Kelly died, aged 95, on 27 March 1923.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16076308 |title= Bushranger's Mother |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=29 March 1923 |access-date=12 August 2012 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
==Remains and graves==
[[File:National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, Australia - Joy of Museums - Ned Kelly - Death Mask.jpg|thumb|upright|Kelly's [[death mask]] on display in the [[National Portrait Gallery (Australia)|National Portrait Gallery]]]]
In line with the practice of the day, no records were kept regarding the disposal of an executed person's remains. Kelly was buried in the "old men's yard", just inside the walls of Old Melbourne Gaol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71238643 |title=DEEMING'S GEAVE. |newspaper=[[Australian Town and Country Journal|Australian Town and Country Journal (NSW : 1870–1907)]] |location=NSW |date=28 May 1892 |access-date=8 October 2012 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71238643 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Dissection===
On 14 May 1881, a newspaper reported that Kelly's body was [[dissection|dissected]] by medical students who removed his head and organs for study.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3150874 |title=OUR MELBOURNE LETTER. |newspaper=[[The Northern Territory Times|Northern Territory Times and Gazette (Darwin, NT : 1873–1927)]] |location=Darwin, NT |date=14 May 1881 |access-date=16 September 2013 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3150874 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dissection outside of a coronial enquiry was illegal. Public outrage at the rumour raised real fears of public disorder, leading the commissioner of police to write to the gaol's governor, who denied that a dissection had taken place. Saw cuts on a piece of his [[occipital bone]] recovered in 2011 confirmed that a dissection had indeed been done.<ref name="Head">[http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead Ned's Head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926193647/http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead|date=26 September 2011}} [[SBS One]] Documentary: The scientific investigation and DNA testing of Kelly's skeletal remains 4 September 2011</ref>
===Thefts of remains===
In 1929, the Old Melbourne Gaol was closed for routine [[demolition]], and the bodies in its graveyard were uncovered during the demolition works. During the recovery of the bodies, spectators and workers stole skeletal parts and skulls from a number of graves, including one marked with an arrow and the initials "E.K."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21366334 |title=Ned Kelly's Grave|newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |date=14 January 1929 |access-date=14 August 2012 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> in the belief they belonged to Kelly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3998574 |title=NED KELLY'S GRAVE. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=13 April 1929 |access-date=5 April 2012 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031532/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3998574 |url-status=live }}</ref> The E.K. marked grave was situated by itself, and on the opposite side of the yard where the rest of the graveyard was situated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66218475 |title=DISHONORED DEAD. |newspaper=Oakleigh Leader |location=North Brighton, Vic. |date=22 December 1894 |access-date=9 September 2014 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The site foreman, Harry Franklin, retrieved the skull from the E.K. marked grave and gave it to the police. As no provision had been made for the disposal of the remains, Franklin had the bodies reburied in Pentridge Prison at his own expense.<ref name="Head"/> The skull from the E.K. marked grave, which had been stored at the Victorian Penal Department, was taken to [[Canberra]] for research by Sir Colin Mackenzie, the first director of the [[Australian Institute of Anatomy]], in 1934. For a period of time it was lost, but was later found while cleaning out an old safe in 1952.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65505208 |title=Ned's Skull is Now Locked Up. |newspaper=[[Benalla Ensign]] |location=Vic. |date=8 January 1953 |access-date=8 October 2012 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031534/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/65505208 |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1972 the skull was put on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol until it was stolen on 12 December 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110928966 |title=Ned Kelly's skull stolen. |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |date=13 December 1978 |access-date=1 September 2014 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110928966 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investigation in 2010 proved that the displayed skull was in fact the one recovered in 1929.<ref name="Head"/>
===Historical and forensic investigation of remains===
On 9 March 2008, it was announced that Australian archaeologists believed they had found Kelly's grave on the site of Pentridge Prison.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters <!-- |author-link=Jonathan Standing --> |first=Jonathan |last=Standing |location=[[Sydney]] |date=9 March 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309 |title=Grave of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly said found |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109224747/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bones were uncovered at a mass grave and Kelly's were among those of thirty-two felons who had been executed by hanging. Jeremy Smith, a senior [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] with [[Heritage Victoria]], said that, "We believe we have conclusively found the burial site but that is very different from finding the remains". Ellen Hollow, Kelly's then 62-year-old grand-niece, offered to supply her own DNA to help identify his bones.<ref>''The Times'', 10 March 2008.</ref>
On the anniversary of Kelly's hanging, 11 November 2009, Tom Baxter handed the skull in his possession to police. It was historically and forensically tested along with the Pentridge remains. The skull was compared to a cast of the skull that had been stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol in 1978 and proved to be a match. The skull was then compared to that in a newspaper photograph of worker Alex Talbot holding the skull recovered in 1929 which showed a close resemblance. Talbot was known to have taken a tooth from the skull as a souvenir and a media campaign to find the whereabouts of the tooth led to Talbot's grandson coming forward. The tooth was found to belong to the skull, confirming it was indeed the skull recovered in 1929.
In 2004, before the skull was handed to police, a [[plaster cast|cast]] of the skull was made and compared to the [[death mask]]s of those executed at Old Melbourne Gaol, which eliminated all but two. The two were those of Kelly and [[Ernest Knox]], who had been executed in March 1894 (headstone marked E.K., 19–3–94) and buried near Frederick Deeming (headstone marked with the initials A.W. and a D underneath). In April 1929, the skulls of the E.K. marked grave (which was thought at the time to belong to Kelly) and Deeming were looted from the excavated graves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130315308 |title=GHOULISH SCRAMBLE. |newspaper=[[The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser]] |location=NSW |date=17 April 1929 |access-date=5 September 2014 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130315308 |url-status=live }}</ref> The death mask of Knox and a facial reconstruction of a cast of the skull were a close match.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zinn|first=Christopher|date=8 August 2004|title=Ned's Head|work=ABC News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905170843/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm|archive-date=5 September 2004}}</ref>
In 2010 and 2011, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine performed a series of craniofacial super-imposition, CT scanning, anthropology and DNA tests on the skull recovered from the E.K. grave and concluded it was not Kelly's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/|title=VIFM Media Release – Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227000228/http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the remains of Deeming's brother was exhumed from Bebington cemetery and tissue samples were obtained from a [[femur]] bone. A DNA profile was successfully obtained from the samples and compared with a DNA profile that had been previously obtained from the skull that was stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol. The DNA profiles did not match, conclusively proving that the skull is not Deeming's.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ned Kelly|editor1=Cormick, Craig|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4863-0176-8|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008182730/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html|title=Frederick Deeming: Australia's first serial killer|work=The Age|date=17 September 2014|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004180128/http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is now accepted that the skull recovered in 1929 and later displayed in the Old Melbourne Gaol was not Kelly's or Deeming's.<ref name="Head"/>
[[Forensic pathologist]]s also examined the bones from Pentridge, which were much decayed and jumbled with the remains of others, making identification difficult. The collar bone was found to be the only bone that had survived in all the skeletons and these were all DNA tested against that of Leigh Olver. A match to Kelly was found and the associated skeleton turned out to be one of the most complete. Kelly's remains were additionally identified by partially healed right foot, right knee and left elbow injuries matching those caused by the bullet wounds at Glenrowan as recorded by the gaol's surgeon in 1880 and by the fact that his head was missing, likely removed for [[phrenology|phrenological]] study. A section from the back of a skull (the [[Occipital bone|occipital]]) was recovered from the grave that bore saw cuts that matched those present on several neck vertebrae, indicating that the skull section belonged to the skeleton and that an illegal dissection had been performed.<ref name="Head"/>
In August 2011, scientists publicly confirmed a skeleton exhumed from the old Pentridge Prison's mass graveyard was indeed Kelly's.<ref name=WSJ2Sep2011>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |page=A6 |date=2 September 2011 |title=Scientists Nab an Australian Outlaw <!-- |author-link=Enda Curran --> |first=Enda |last=Curran |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131934/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live }} (Article on the web is slightly different from the print edition.)</ref> The skeleton was missing most of its skull, the whereabouts of which are unknown.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html |title=A Hero's Legend and a Stolen Skull Rustle Up a DNA Drama |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 August 2011 |author-link=Christine Kenneally |first=Christine |last=Kenneally |access-date=8 September 2011 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070007/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Final burial===
On 1 August 2012, the Victorian government issued a licence for Kelly's bones to be returned to the Kelly family, who made plans for his final burial. The family also appealed for the person who possessed Kelly's skull to return it.<ref>''Time'' magazine [http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/ "Outlaw Ned Kelly's Remains Given to Family – 132 Years After His Death", 6 August 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810204555/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/ |date=10 August 2012 }} Retrieved on 13 August 2012.</ref>
On 20 January 2013, Kelly's relatives granted his final wish and buried his remains in consecrated ground at Greta cemetery near his mother's unmarked grave. A piece of Kelly's skull was also buried with his remains and was surrounded by concrete to prevent looting. The burial followed a [[Requiem Mass]] held on 18 January 2013 at St Patrick's Catholic Church in Wangaratta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html|title=Ned Kelly laid to rest|work=The Age|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123074952/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Headstone===
During the [[Great Depression]], the [[City of Bayside|Bayside City Council]] built bluestone walls to protect local beaches from erosion. The stones were taken from the outer walls of the Old Melbourne Gaol and included the "headstones" of those executed and buried on the grounds. Most, including Kelly's, were placed with the engravings (initials and date of execution) facing inwards.<ref>[http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm Bluestone Seawall (stories in the stones)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023180428/http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm |date=23 October 2012 }} [[City of Bayside|Bayside City council]]</ref>
==Legacy==
===Kelly myth===
[[File:Ned Kelly letterbox.jpg|thumb|A homemade letterbox in the style of Ned Kelly's armour, [[Bullio, New South Wales|Bullio]], [[Southern Highlands (New South Wales)|Southern Highlands]], New South Wales]]
The myth surrounding Ned Kelly has become pervasive in Australian culture, and Kelly has become one of Australia's most recognised national symbols. Academic and folklorist Graham Seal writes:<ref name=":0">Seal, Graham (2011). ''Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History''. Anthem Press, {{ISBN|978-0-85728-792-2}}. pp. 99–100.</ref>
{{blockquote|Ned Kelly has progressed from outlaw to national hero in a century, and to international icon in a further 20 years. The still-enigmatic, slightly saturnine and ever-ambivalent bushranger is the undisputed, if not universally admired, national symbol of Australia.}}
Seal argues that Kelly's story taps into a number of myths including the [[Robin Hood]] tradition of the outlaw hero and the myth of the [[The bush|Australian bush]] as a place of freedom from oppressive authority. Kelly is often seen as the embodiment of characteristics thought to be typically Australian such as defying authority, siding with the underdog and fighting bravely for one's beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seal|first=Graham|title=Ned Kelly in Popular Tradition|publisher=Hyland House|year=1980|isbn=0-908090-32-3|location=Melbourne|pages=16, 28}}</ref> This view of Kelly was already evident in the aftermath of his death. In an 1881 review of a performance of a play about the Kelly gang, ''Ostracised'', staged that year at Melbourne's [[Princess Theatre (Melbourne)|Princess Theatre]], ''The Australasian'' wrote:<ref>Review dated 13 August 1881, in Stephen Torre, ed., ''The Macquarie Dictionary of Australian Quotations'', 1990, Plays and Playwrights, p. 307</ref>
{{blockquote|... judging from the way in which the applause was dealt out, it was pretty certain that the exploits of the outlaws excited admiration and prompted emulation. ... In short ''Ostracised'' will help to confirm the belief, in the young mind of Victoria, that the Kellys were martyrs and not sanguinary ruffians.}}
According to Ian Jones, after Kelly's death, "a Robin Hood-like figure survived: good-looking, brave, a fine horseman and bushman and a crack shot, devoted to his mother and sisters, a man who treated all women with courtesy, who stole from the rich to give to the poor, who dressed himself in his enemy's uniform to outwit him. Most of all a man who stood against the police persecutors of his family and was driven to outlawry when he defended his sister against a drunken constable. Such was Ned Kelly the myth[.]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Ian|title=Ned Kelly, a short life|publisher=Lothian Books|year=1995|isbn=0-85091-631-3|location=Port Melbourne|page=338}}</ref> Seal states that Kelly was aware of the tradition of the bushranger-hero and attempted to live up to the myth. The Euroa and Jerilderie raids were partly public performances where the Kelly gang acted courteously to women, burned mortgage documents and entertained their hostages.<ref>Seal, Graham (2011). pp. 125–26.</ref>
By the time Kelly was outlawed, bushranging was an anachronism. Australia was highly urbanised, the telegraph and the railway were rapidly connecting the bush to the city, and Kelly was already an icon for a romanticised past.<ref name=":3">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 16–17.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Hobsbawn|first=E. J.|title=Bandits|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1969|location=London|pages=112–13}}</ref> For Seal, the failure of the Kelly gang to derail the train at Glenrowan was a symbol of the triumph of modern civilisation.<ref name=":3" /> Macintyre states that Kelly turning agricultural equipment into defensive armour was an irresistible symbol of a passing era.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mcintyre|first=Stuart|title=A Concise History of Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-72848-5|edition=Fifth|location=Port Melbourne|pages=107–08}}</ref> Seal concludes:<ref>Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 174–75.</ref>
{{blockquote|... [T]he figure of Ned Kelly has led to the creation of a national image that bears some relation to the man himself{{Em dash}}perhaps about the same resemblance as Ned Kelly's armour had to the plough mouldboards from which it was beaten. ... He is different things to different people{{Em dash}}a murderer, an Australian Robin Hood, a [[social banditry|social bandit]], a revolutionary leader, even a commercial commodity. But to most of us he is somehow essentially Australian.}}
===Cultural impact===
{{further|Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly}}
[[File:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|thumb|An actor playing Kelly in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film]]
Thanks to the telegraph, the siege at Glenrowan became a national and international media event. Songs, poems, popular entertainments, fiction, books, and newspaper and magazine articles about the Kelly gang proliferated in the decades after Kelly's death. By 1943 there were forty-two major published works about Kelly.<ref name=":1">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 19, 130–64.</ref>
Kelly has figured prominently in [[Cinema of Australia|Australian cinema]] since the 1906 release of ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'', the world's first dramatic feature-length film.<ref>Bertrand, Ina; D. Routt, William (2007). ''The Picture that Will Live Forever: The Story of the Kelly Gang''. Australian Teachers and Media. {{ISBN|978-1-876467-16-6}}, pp. 3–19.</ref> Among those who have portrayed him on screen are [[Australian rules football]] player [[Bob Chitty]] (''[[The Glenrowan Affair]]'', 1951), rock musician [[Mick Jagger]] (''[[Ned Kelly (1970 film)|Ned Kelly]]'', 1970), [[John Jarratt]] (''[[The Last Outlaw (miniseries)|The Last Outlaw]]'', 1980), [[Heath Ledger]] (''[[Ned Kelly (2003 film)|Ned Kelly]]'', 2003) and [[George MacKay (actor)|George MacKay]] (''[[True History of the Kelly Gang (film)|True History of the Kelly Gang]]'', 2019).<ref>Groves, Don (9 November 2017). [https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/ "How many Ned Kelly movies are too many?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043737/https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/|date=17 June 2018}}, ''[[If Magazine]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</ref> A comic film, ''[[Reckless Kelly]]'' (1993), drew on the Kelly legend.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=260}}
In the visual arts, [[Sidney Nolan]]'s 1946–47 Kelly series is considered "one of the greatest sequences of Australian painting of the twentieth century".<ref>[http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926 Ned Kelly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602083432/http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926|date=2 June 2015}}, [[National Gallery of Australia]]. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2018|title=Sidney Nolan's Ned Kelly – in pictures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812212851/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures|archive-date=12 August 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> His stylised depiction of Kelly's helmet has become an iconic Australian image. Hundreds of performers dressed as "Nolanesque Kellys" starred in the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Sydney Olympics]].<ref>[[Lyn Innes|Innes, Lyn]] (2008). ''Ned Kelly: Icon of Modern Culture''. Helm Information Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-903206-16-4}}, p. 247.</ref>
In literature, Douglas Stewart's verse drama ''Ned Kelly'' was first performed in 1942.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=456}} Robert Drewe's ''Our Sunshine'' (1991) is a fictionalised account of the Glenrowan siege.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|p=134}} In 2001, [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] won the [[Booker Prize]] for his novel ''[[True History of the Kelly Gang]]'', written from Kelly's perspective, which resulted in the 2019 film of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hans|first=Simran|date=1 March 2020|title=True History of the Kelly Gang review – rock'n'roll makeover of an Aussie outlaw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/01/true-history-of-kelly-gang-review|access-date=10 September 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The [[Ned Kelly Awards]] are Australia's premier prizes for crime fiction and true crime writing.{{Sfn|Corfield|2003|pp=359–60}}
The first ballads about the Kelly gang were published in 1879 and it quickly became a popular genre.<ref name=":1" /> In 1939 [[Tex Morton]] recorded a country and western-style ballad about Kelly, and singers including [[Slim Dusty]], [[Smoky Dawson]] and [[Buddy Williams (country musician)|Buddy Williams]] followed.<ref>Seal, Graham (1980). p. 151</ref> Non-Australian artists who have recorded songs about Kelly include [[Waylon Jennings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ned Kelly (original score)|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ned-kelly-original-score-mw0000865387|access-date=10 September 2021|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> and [[Johnny Cash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnny Cash, A Man in Black (1971)|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-man-in-black-mw0000885026|access-date=10 September 2021|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref>
The term "Kelly tourism" describes towns such as Glenrowan which sustain themselves economically "almost entirely through Ned's memory", while "Kellyana" refers to the collecting of Kelly memorabilia, merchandise, and other paraphernalia. The phrase "[[wikt:such is life|such is life]]", Kelly's probably apocryphal final words, has become an oft-quoted part of the legend. "[[wikt:as game as Ned Kelly|As game as Ned Kelly]]" is an expression for bravery,<ref name="Barry 1974">{{cite encyclopedia | author=Barry, John V. | title=Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855–1880) | chapter=Edward (Ned) Kelly (1855–1880) | encyclopedia=Australian Dictionary of Biography | volume=5 | publisher=Melbourne University Press | year=1974 | pages=6–8 | url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm | access-date=8 April 2007 | archive-date=21 March 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122238/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> and the term "[[wikt:Ned Kelly beard|Ned Kelly beard]]" is used to describe a trend in "[[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]" fashion.<ref>[http://ozwords.org/?p=6939 "Australian National Dictionary Centre's Word of the Year 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215085836/http://ozwords.org/?p=6939 |date=15 December 2014 }}, Ozwords. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref> The rural districts of north-eastern Victoria are collectively known as "Kelly Country".{{sfn|Kenneally|1929|p=15}}
===Controversy over political legacy===
[[File:Melbourne Punch Communism.png|thumb|upright|An 1879 political cartoon titled "Our Rulers", published in ''[[Melbourne Punch]]'', depicts Kelly, Premier [[Graham Berry]], and a personification of ''[[The Age]]'' dancing around the flag of [[communism]].]]
In 1969 [[Eric Hobsbawm]], in ''[[Bandits (book)|Bandits]]'', argued that Ned Kelly was in the tradition of the social bandit, a type of peasant outlaw and symbol of social rebellion with significant community support.<ref name=":4" /> McQuilton expanded on the social bandit thesis, arguing that the Kelly outbreak should be seen in the context of deteriorating economic conditions in rural Victoria in the 1870s and a conflict over land between selectors (mostly small farmers) and squatters (mostly wealthier pastoralists who had initially acquired their runs by "squatting" on Crown land).{{Sfn|McQuilton|1987}} Jones,{{Sfn|Jones|2010}} Molony{{Sfn|Molony|2001}} and others argue that Kelly was a political rebel with considerable support among selectors and labourers in north-eastern Victoria. Jones claims that Kelly intended to derail the train at Glenrowan to incite a rebellion of disaffected selectors and declare a "Republic of North-eastern Victoria".<ref>Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 213, 220–25.</ref>
Others have disputed these claims. Morrissey argues that McQuilton and Jones have exaggerated the degree of economic distress and support for Kelly among local selectors.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=13–18, 151–56, 181–87}} Dawson argues that Kelly did not draw up a republican declaration or plan a political rebellion, writing: "there is no mention of any such document, plan or intention in any record of Kelly’s day, nor in the numerous interviews and memoirs of those connected with the gang, or its prisoners who listened to Kelly’s speeches while held up, nor in the work of early historians of the outbreak who knew the Kellys, their gang, their sympathisers, or the pursuing police."{{Sfn|Dawson|2018|p=1}}
Seal states that Kelly proposed "a basic form of wealth redistribution" in his Jerilderie Letter, when the outlaw suggested that the wealthy squatters of the district should establish a charitable fund for the local poor, orphans and widows.<ref name=":2">Seal, Graham (2011) pp. 110–11.</ref> Morrissey sees the social justice element of the letter as a traditional call for the rich to help the poor with an additional argument that it is in their own interest to do so. While Kelly frequently complained of oppression by the police and squatters, and evoked historical Irish grievances against the English, his response was expressed in terms of a violent reckoning rather than a political program.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2015|pp=152–58}}
==See also==
* [[List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland]]
* [[Steph Ryan]], the former member for [[Electoral district of Euroa|Euroa]], is a distant relative of Ned Kelly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Darren|date=16 May 2014|title=Such is life for candidate|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/such-is-life-for-candidate-20140516-38frd.html|access-date=27 May 2021|website=The Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Darren|title=New Nationals MP Stephanie Ryan breaks the country party's mould|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/new-nationals-mp-stephanie-ryan-breaks-the-country-partys-mould-20141203-11z7qj.html|access-date=10 September 2021|website=The Age|date=3 December 2014 }}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist|notes=
{{efn|name=dob|The date of Kelly's birth is not known, and there is no record of his [[baptism]]. Kelly himself thought he was 28 years old when he was hanged.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Arrival of Ned Kelly in Melbourne.|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196695949|work=Trove|date=3 July 1880|access-date=21 August 2021|quote=Look across there to the left. Do you see a little hill there?" Walsh replied that he did, and the outlaw continued, "That is where I was born, about twenty-eight years ago."}}</ref> Evidence for a December 1854 birth is from a 1963 interview with family descendants Paddy and Charles Griffiths quoting Ned's brother Jim Kelly who said it was a family tradition that Ned's birth was "at the time of the [[Eureka Stockade]]", which took place on 3 December 1854.<ref name="Jones2010p346">{{harvnb|Jones|2010|p=346}}</ref> In July 1870, Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, recorded Ned's age as 15½, which could easily refer to a December 1854 birth.<ref name="Jones2010p346"/> There is also a remark made by G. Wilson Brown, school inspector, in his notebook on 30 March 1865, where he noted that Ned Kelly was 10 years and 3 months old.<ref name="Jones2010p346"/> The only evidence given in support for Ned Kelly's birth being in June 1855 is from the death certificate of his father, John Kelly, who died on 27 December 1866. Ned Kelly's age is written as 11½.}}
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
'''Non-fiction'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baron|first1=Angeline|year=2004|last2=White|first2=David|title=Blood in the Dust: Inside the Minds of Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne|publisher=Network Creative Services Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9580162-5-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Basu|first=Laura|year=2012|title=Ned Kelly as Memory Dispositif: Media, Time, Power, and the Development of Australian Identities|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-028879-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Max|author-link=Max Brown (novelist)|year=2005|title=Australian Son: The Story of Ned Kelly|publisher=Network Creative Services Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9580162-6-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Castles|first=Alex C.|author-link=Alex Castles|year=2005|title=Ned Kelly's Last Days: Setting the Record Straight on the Death of an Outlaw|url=https://archive.org/details/nedkellyslastday0000cast|url-access=registration|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74115-914-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Corfield|first=Justin|title=The Ned Kelly Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lothian Books|year=2003|isbn=0-7344-0596-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Cormick|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Cormick|year=2014|title=Ned Kelly: Under the Microscope|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0178-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Stuart|year=2018|title=Ned Kelly and the Myth of a Republic of North-Eastern Victoria|isbn=978-1-64316-500-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Dunstan|first=Keith|author-link=Keith Dunstan|year=1980|title=Saint Ned: The Story of the Near Sanctification of an Australian Outlaw|publisher=Methuen Australia|isbn=978-0-454-00198-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Farwell|first=George|author-link=George Farwell|year=1970|title=Ned Kelly: The Life and Adventures of Australia's Notorious Bushranger|publisher=Cheshire|isbn=978-0-7015-1319-1}}
* {{cite book|last=FitzSimons|first=Peter|author-link=Peter FitzSimons|year=2013|title=Ned Kelly|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=978-1-74275-890-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Jones (author)|year=2010|title=Ned Kelly: A Short Life|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=978-0-7336-2579-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Ned|editor=McDermott, Alex|year=2012|title=The Jerilderie Letter: Text Classics|publisher=Text Publishing|isbn=978-1-921922-33-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kelson|first1=Brendon|year=2001|last2=McQuilton|first2=John|title=Kelly Country: A Photographic Journey|publisher=University of Queensland Press|isbn=978-0-7022-3273-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kenneally|first=J.J.|year=1929|author-link=J. J. Kenneally|title=Inner History of the Kelly Gang|publisher=The Kelly Gang Publishing Company|location=Dandenong, Victoria}}
* {{cite book|last=Kieza|first=Grantlee|year=2017|title=Mrs Kelly|publisher=HarperCollins Australia|isbn=978-1-74309-717-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Macfarlane|first=Ian|title=The Kelly Gang Unmasked|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-551966-2|location=South Melbourne}}
* {{cite book|last=McMenomy|first=Keith|year=1984|title=Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated History|publisher=C. O. Ross|isbn=978-0-85902-122-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=McQuilton|first=John|title=The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880|publisher=Melbourne University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-522-84332-8|location=Carlton}}
* {{cite book|last1=Meredith|first1=John|author-link1=John Meredith (folklorist)|year=1980|last2=Scott|first2=Bill|author-link2=Bill Scott (author)|title=Ned Kelly: After a Century of Acrimony|publisher=Lansdowne Press|isbn=978-0-7018-1470-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Molony|first=John|author-link=John Molony|year=2001|title=Ned Kelly|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|isbn=978-0-522-85013-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Morrissey|first=Doug|title=Ned Kelly, a Lawless Life|publisher=Connor Court|year=2015|isbn=978-1-925138-48-1|location=Ballarat}}
* {{cite book|last=Seal|first=Graham|year=2002|title=Tell 'em I Died Game: The Legend of Ned Kelly|publisher=Hyland House Pub|isbn=978-1-86447-047-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Terry|first=Paul|year=2012|title=The True Story of Ned Kelly's Last Stand|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-76011-087-1}}
{{refend}}
'''Fiction'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Carey |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Carey (novelist) |year=2012 |title=True History of the Kelly Gang |publisher=Random House Australia |isbn=978-1-74274-895-5|title-link=True History of the Kelly Gang }}
* {{cite book |last=Masson |first=Sophie |author-link=Sophie Masson |year=2010 |title=My Australian Story: The Hunt for Ned Kelly |publisher=Scholastic Australia |isbn=978-1-921990-72-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Drewe |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Drewe |year=2010 |title=Our Sunshine |publisher=Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-14-320476-3|title-link=Our Sunshine }}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Keneally |author-link=Thomas Keneally |year=1981 |title=Ned Kelly and the City of the Bees |publisher=D.R. Godine |isbn=978-1-56792-022-2}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource author}}{{wikiquote}}{{Wikivoyage|Ned Kelly Tourism}}
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-635784 Kelly, Ned (1855–1880)] National Library of Australia, ''Trove, People and Organisation record'' for Ned Kelly
* [https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/collection/highlights/ned-kelly The Kelly collection, including John Hanlon's transcript of the Jerilderie letter] at the [[National Museum of Australia]]
* [https://prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/explore-topic/ned-kelly-historical-collection Ned Kelly Historical Collection, Public Records Office of Victoria]
* [http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/ned-kelly/ Culture Victoria – historical images and video interview with Peter Carey about his novel "True History of the Kelly Gang"]
* {{Library resources about |viaf= 47572730}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ned Kelly |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2416}}
{{Ned Kelly}}
{{Bushrangers |state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Ned}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Australian criminals]]
[[Category:Australian bank robbers]]
[[Category:Bushrangers]]
[[Category:Australian outlaws]]
[[Category:People executed by Australia by hanging]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:People from the Colony of Victoria]]
[[Category:People executed by Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Australian people convicted of murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Executed Australian people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Australia]]
[[Category:1878 murders in Australia]]
[[Category:People from the City of Whittlesea]]
[[Category:People executed by Australian colonies by hanging]]
[[Category:Ned Kelly]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian bushranger (1854–1880)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ned Kelly (disambiguation)">Ned Kelly (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">lebron my sunshine
Kelly</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/220px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/330px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/440px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="882" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kelly on 10 November 1880, <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">the day before his execution</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Kelly</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1869-12-00</span>)</span>December 1869<sup id="cite_ref-dob_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dob-1">[a]</a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Beveridge,_Victoria" title="Beveridge, Victoria">Beveridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1880<span style="display:none">(1880-11-11)</span> (aged 25)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Colony of Victoria, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushranger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Executed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(bushranger)" title="Dan Kelly (bushranger)">Dan Kelly</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Kelly_(sister_of_Ned_Kelly)" title="Kate Kelly (sister of Ned Kelly)">Kate Kelly</a> (sister)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Murder</li><li>assault</li><li>theft</li><li>armed robbery</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">balls</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Edward Kelly</b> (December 1854<sup id="cite_ref-dob_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dob-1">[a]</a></sup> – 11 November 1880) was an Australian <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a>, outlaw, gang leader and convicted police-murderer. One of the last bushrangers, he is known for wearing <a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">a suit of bulletproof armour</a> during his final shootout with the police.
</p><p>Kelly was born in the then–British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Victoria">colony of Victoria</a> as the third of eight children to Irish parents. His father, a <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">transported convict</a>, died shortly after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor <a href="/wiki/Selection_(Australian_history)" title="Selection (Australian history)">selector</a> family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the <a href="/wiki/Squattocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Squattocracy">Squattocracy</a> and as victims of persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Police" title="Victoria Police">Victoria Police</a>. While a teenager, Kelly was arrested for associating with bushranger <a href="/wiki/Harry_Power" title="Harry Power">Harry Power</a> and served two prison terms for a variety of offences, the longest stretch being from 1871 to 1874 on a conviction of receiving a stolen horse. He later joined the "<a href="/wiki/Greta,_Victoria" title="Greta, Victoria">Greta</a> Mob", a group of <a href="/wiki/Australian_bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian bush">bush</a> <a href="/wiki/Larrikin" title="Larrikin">larrikins</a> known for stock theft. A violent confrontation with a policeman occurred at the Kelly family's home in 1878, and Kelly was indicted for his attempted murder. Fleeing to the bush, Kelly vowed to avenge his mother, who was imprisoned for her role in the incident. After he, his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(bushranger)" title="Dan Kelly (bushranger)">Dan</a>, and two associates—<a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrne" title="Joe Byrne">Joe Byrne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hart" title="Steve Hart">Steve Hart</a>—shot dead three policemen, the government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws.
</p><p>Kelly and his gang eluded the police for two years, thanks in part to the support of an extensive network of sympathisers. The gang's crime spree included raids on <a href="/wiki/Euroa" title="Euroa">Euroa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie" title="Jerilderie">Jerilderie</a>, and the killing of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sherritt" title="Aaron Sherritt">Aaron Sherritt</a>, a sympathiser turned police informer. In <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Letter" title="Jerilderie Letter">a manifesto letter</a>, Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government and the British Empire—set down his own account of the events leading up to his outlawry. Demanding justice for his family and the rural poor, he threatened dire consequences against those who defied him. In 1880, when his attempt to <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derail</a> and ambush a police train failed, he and his gang, dressed in armour fashioned from stolen <a href="/wiki/Plough#Parts" title="Plough">plough mouldboards</a>, engaged in a final gun battle with the police at <a href="/wiki/Glenrowan,_Victoria" title="Glenrowan, Victoria">Glenrowan</a>. Kelly, the only survivor, was severely wounded by police fire and captured. Despite thousands of supporters attending rallies and signing a petition for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Melbourne_Gaol" title="Old Melbourne Gaol">Old Melbourne Gaol</a>.
</p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Serle" title="Geoffrey Serle">Geoffrey Serle</a> called Kelly and his gang "the last expression of the lawless frontier in what was becoming a highly organised and educated society, the last protest of the mighty bush now tethered with iron rails to Melbourne and the world".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> In the century after his death, Kelly became a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a>, inspiring <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ned_Kelly" title="Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly">numerous works in the arts and popular culture</a>, and is the subject of more biographies than any other Australian. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland: some celebrate him as Australia's equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>, while others regard him as a murderous villain undeserving of his folk hero status.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)" title="Martin Flanagan (journalist)">Martin Flanagan</a> wrote: "What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—it's that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Family_background_and_early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Family background and early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rise_to_notoriety"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rise to notoriety</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bushranging_with_Harry_Power"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bushranging with Harry Power</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Horse_theft,_assault_and_imprisonment"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Horse theft, assault and imprisonment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Whitty_larceny"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Whitty larceny</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fitzpatrick_incident"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Fitzpatrick incident</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fitzpatrick's_version_of_events"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fitzpatrick's version of events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Kelly_family_version_of_events"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kelly family version of events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Trial"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Trial</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Stringybark_Creek_police_murders"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Stringybark Creek police murders</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Outlawed_under_the_Felons_Apprehension_Act"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Outlawed under the <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Euroa_raid"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Euroa raid</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cameron_Letter"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cameron Letter</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Kelly_sympathisers_held"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Kelly sympathisers held</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Jerilderie_raid"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Jerilderie raid</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Jerilderie_Letter"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jerilderie Letter</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reward_increase_and_disappearance"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Reward increase and disappearance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Glenrowan_affair"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Glenrowan affair</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Murder_of_Aaron_Sherritt"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Murder of Aaron Sherritt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Siege_and_shootout"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siege and shootout</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Last_stand_and_capture"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Last stand and capture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Fire_and_aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fire and aftermath</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Trial_and_execution"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Trial and execution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Royal_Commission_and_aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Royal Commission and aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Remains_and_graves"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Remains and graves</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Dissection"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dissection</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Thefts_of_remains"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Thefts of remains</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Historical_and_forensic_investigation_of_remains"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical and forensic investigation of remains</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Final_burial"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Final burial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Headstone"><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Headstone</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Kelly_myth"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kelly myth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cultural_impact"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Controversy_over_political_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy over political legacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_background_and_early_life">Family background and early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg/220px-Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg/330px-Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg/440px-Kelly_House_at_Beveridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Kelly's boyhood home, built by his father in <a href="/wiki/Beveridge,_Victoria" title="Beveridge, Victoria">Beveridge</a> in 1859</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ned Kelly's father, John Kelly (known as "Red"), was born in 1820 at Clonbrogan, near Moyglas, <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284-5">[4]</a></sup> At the age of 21, he was found guilty of stealing two pigs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony20016–7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony20016–7-6">[5]</a></sup> and was transported on the prison ship <i>Prince Regent</i>, arriving at Hobart Town, <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> in the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>), on 2 January 1842. After finishing his sentence in January 1848, Red moved to the Colony of Victoria and found work at James Quinn's farm at <a href="/wiki/Wallan,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallan, Victoria">Wallan Wallan</a> as a bush carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284-5">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 18 November 1850, Red married Ellen Quinn, his employer's 18-year-old daughter, at <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_Church,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis Church, Melbourne">St Francis Church</a>, Father Gerard Ward officiating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup> The couple subsequently turned their attention to gold-digging and earned enough to buy a small <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beveridge,_Victoria" title="Beveridge, Victoria">Beveridge</a>, just north of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284–85_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284–85-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_green_sash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>At age 11, Kelly saved a young boy from drowning in a creek, and was awarded this green sash in recognition of his bravery. Kelly wore the sash under <a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">his armour</a> during <a href="#Last_stand_and_capture">his last stand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Glenrowan,_Victoria" title="Glenrowan, Victoria">Glenrowan</a>. It remains stained with his blood. (Benalla Museum)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Edward ("Ned") Kelly was his parents' third child.<sup id="cite_ref-TA2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA2-9">[8]</a></sup> The exact date of his birth is not known, but was probably in December 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003261_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003261-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dob_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dob-1">[a]</a></sup> Ned was possibly baptised by an Augustinian priest, <a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Hea" title="Charles O'Hea">Charles O'Hea</a>, who also administered last rites to Kelly before his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003378_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003378-11">[10]</a></sup> Ned's parents had seven other children: Mary Jane (born 1851, died as an infant aged 6 months), Annie (later Annie Gunn) (1853–1872), Margaret (later Margaret Skillion) (1857–1896), James ("Jim", 1859–1946), Daniel ("Dan", 1861–1880), Catherine ("Kate", later Kate Foster) (1863–1898) and Grace (later Grace Griffiths) (1865–1940).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003262–63_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003262–63-12">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ned Kelly's family did not prosper at Beveridge and his father began drinking heavily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286-13">[12]</a></sup> In 1864 the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Avenel,_Victoria" title="Avenel, Victoria">Avenel</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a>, where they soon attracted the attention of local police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20102016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20102016-14">[13]</a></sup> As a boy Kelly obtained basic schooling and became familiar with the bush. In Avenel he risked his life to save another boy from <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a> in Hughes Creek;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> the boy's family gave him a green sash, which he wore under his armour during his final showdown with police in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1865, Red was convicted in relation to the theft of a calf and sentenced to a fine of £25 or six months' <a href="/wiki/Hard_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labour">hard labour</a>. Although the family could not afford to pay the fine, there is no record of Red being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Old_Kilmore_Gaol" title="Old Kilmore Gaol">Kilmore Gaol</a>. In December 1866, Red was fined for being drunk and disorderly. Badly affected by alcoholism, he died at Avenel on 27 December 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The following year, the Kellys moved to <a href="/wiki/Greta,_Victoria" title="Greta, Victoria">Greta</a> in north-eastern Victoria, near the Quinns and their relatives by marriage, the Lloyds. In 1868 Ned's uncle Jim Kelly was convicted of arson after setting fire to the rented premises where the Kellys and some of the Lloyds were staying. Jim was sentenced to death, but this was later commuted to fifteen years of hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003264_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003264-17">[16]</a></sup> The family soon <a href="/wiki/Selection_(Australian_history)" title="Selection (Australian history)">leased a small farm</a> of 88 acres (360,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at Eleven Mile Creek near Greta. The Kelly selection was probably unsuitable for successful farming, and Ellen supplemented her income by offering accommodation to travellers and illegally selling alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199526–31_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199526–31-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_to_notoriety">Rise to notoriety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to notoriety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bushranging_with_Harry_Power">Bushranging with Harry Power</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bushranging with Harry Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg/138px-Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg/207px-Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bushranger_Harry_Power.jpg 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Power" title="Harry Power">Harry Power</a> has been described as Kelly's bushranging "mentor".</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Power_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harry_Power_capture.jpg/162px-Harry_Power_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harry_Power_capture.jpg/243px-Harry_Power_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Harry_Power_capture.jpg/324px-Harry_Power_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Power's capture. Kelly was accused of informing on the bushranger.</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>In 1869, fourteen-year-old Kelly met Irish-born Harry Power (alias of Henry Johnson), a transported convict who turned to bushranging in north-eastern Victoria after escaping Melbourne's Pentridge Prison. The Kellys formed part of Power's network of sympathisers, and by May 1869 Ned had become his bushranging protégé. At the end of the month, they attempted to steal horses from the <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Victoria" title="Mansfield, Victoria">Mansfield</a> property of <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)" title="Squatting (Australian history)">squatter</a> John Rowe as part of a plan to rob the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Point,_Victoria" title="Woods Point, Victoria">Woods Point</a>–Mansfield gold escort. They abandoned the idea and fled back into the bush after Rowe shot at them, and Kelly temporarily broke off his association with Power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza201785–86_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza201785–86-19">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly's first brush with the law occurred in mid-October 1869 over an altercation between him and a Chinese pig-and-fowl dealer from <a href="/wiki/Morses_Creek" title="Morses Creek">Morses Creek</a> named Ah Fook. According to Fook, as he passed the Kelly family home, Ned brandished a long stick and declared himself a bushranger before robbing him of 10 shillings. Kelly gave evidence in court that Fook had abused his sister Annie in a dispute over Fook's request for a drink of water; Fook then beat Ned with a stick after he came to his sister's defence. Annie and two family-related witnesses corroborated Ned's story and the charge was dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly reconciled with Power in March 1870 and, over the next month, the pair committed a series of armed robberies as police scrambled to find them and identify Power's young accomplice. By the end of April, the press had named Kelly as the culprit, and a few days later he was captured by police and confined to <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Beechworth" title="HM Prison Beechworth">Beechworth Gaol</a>. Kelly fronted court on three separate robbery charges, the first two of which were dismissed as none of the victims could positively identify him. On the third charge, the victims also reportedly failed to identify Kelly, but they were in fact refused the chance by Superintendents Nicolas and Hare. Instead, Nicolas told the magistrate that Kelly fitted the description and asked for him to be remanded for trial. Kelly was sent to Melbourne where he spent the weekend in a lock-up before being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Kyneton" title="Kyneton">Kyneton</a> to face court. No evidence was produced in court, and Kelly was released after a month.
</p><p>Historians tend to disagree over this episode: some see it as evidence of police harassment; others believe the Kelly family intimidated the witnesses, making them reluctant to give evidence. Another factor in the lack of identification may have been that the witnesses had described Power's accomplice as a "<a href="/wiki/Half-caste" title="Half-caste">half-caste</a>" (a person of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and European descent). However, the police believed this to be the result of Kelly going unwashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Power often camped at Glenmore Station, a large property owned by Kelly's maternal grandfather, James Quinn, which sat at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/King_River_(Victoria)" title="King River (Victoria)">King River</a>. In June 1870, while resting in a mountainside <a href="/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">gunyah</a> (bark shelter) that overlooked the property, Power was captured by a police search party. Following his arrest, word spread within the community that Kelly had informed on him. Kelly denied the rumour, and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_Letter_to_Sgt._James_Babington" class="extiw" title="s:Ned Kelly Letter to Sgt. James Babington">a letter</a> that bears the only surviving example of his handwriting, he pleads with Sergeant James Babington of Kyneton for help, saying that "everyone looks on me like a black snake". The informant turned out to be Kelly's uncle, Jack Lloyd, who received £500 for his assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> However, Kelly had also given information which led to Power's capture and it is possible that the charges against him were dropped in exchange for this information. Power always believed that Kelly was responsible for the betrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201235–37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201235–37-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Reporting on Power's criminal career, the <i><a href="/wiki/Benalla_Ensign" title="Benalla Ensign">Benalla Ensign</a></i> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The effect of his example has already been to draw one young fellow into the open vortex of crime, and unless his career is speedily cut short, young Kelly will blossom into a declared enemy of society.</p></blockquote>
<h3><span id="Horse_theft.2C_assault_and_imprisonment"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_theft,_assault_and_imprisonment">Horse theft, assault and imprisonment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Horse theft, assault and imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg/170px-Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg/255px-Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Ned_Kelly_aged_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Mugshot of Kelly, aged 15</figcaption></figure>
<p>In October 1870, a hawker named Jeremiah McCormack accused a friend of the Kellys, Ben Gould, of stealing his horse. Gould wrote an indecent note to give to McCormack's childless wife, that was used to wrap two calves' testicles. Kelly passed the note to one of his cousins to give to the woman. When McCormack confronted Kelly later that day, Kelly punched him in the nose, causing McCormack to fall. Kelly was arrested for his part in sending the calves' parts and the note and for assaulting McCormack. He was sentenced to three months' hard labour on each charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly was released from Beechworth Gaol on 27 March 1871, five weeks early, and returned to Greta. Three weeks later, horse-breaker Isaiah "Wild" Wright arrived in town to see his friend Alex Gunn, a Scottish miner who had married Kelly's older sister. Wright was riding a chestnut mare which he had "borrowed" without telling the owner, the postmaster of Mansfield. Kelly later claimed that he was unaware that the horse didn't belong to Wright. According to Kelly, the mare went missing that night and Gunn lent Wright one of his own horses, promising that, if he found the mare, he would keep it until Wright returned. Kelly said that as soon after Wright departed, the mare was found by Gunn and a neighbour, William (Brickey) Williamson. Kelly then took the mare to <a href="/wiki/Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a>, where he stayed for four days.
</p><p>On 20 April 1871, while riding back into Greta, Kelly was intercepted by Constable Edward Hall, who suspected that the horse was stolen. He directed Kelly to the police station on the pretence of having to sign some papers. As Kelly dismounted, Hall tried to grab him by the scruff of the neck but failed. When Kelly resisted arrest, Hall drew his revolver and tried to shoot him, but it misfired three times. He was then overpowered by Kelly, who later said that he straddled him and dug spurs into his thighs, causing the constable to "[roar] like a big calf attacked by dogs". After subduing Kelly with the assistance of seven bystanders, Hall <a href="/wiki/Pistol-whipping" title="Pistol-whipping">pistol-whipped</a> him until his head became "a mass of raw and bleeding flesh".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons201381–82_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons201381–82-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Kelly and Gunn were charged with horse stealing. James Murdoch, a friend and neighbour of the Kellys, gave evidence that Ned had implied to him that the horse was stolen and had tried to recruit him to steal other horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201537–38,_202_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201537–38,_202-24">[23]</a></sup> When it was later revealed that Kelly was still in Beechworth Gaol when the horse was taken, the charges were downgraded to "<a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">feloniously</a> receiving a horse". Kelly and Gunn were sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour. Wright received eighteen months for illegal use of a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003507_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003507-25">[24]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg/170px-Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg/255px-Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg/340px-Ned_Kelly_boxing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Kelly after defeating Isaiah "Wild" Wright in a 20-round bare-knuckle boxing match, August 1874</figcaption></figure>
<p>Kelly served his sentence at Beechworth Gaol, then at Pentridge Prison. On 25 June 1873, his good behaviour earned him a transfer to the prison ship <i>Sacramento</i>, anchored off <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Victoria" title="Williamstown, Victoria">Williamstown</a>. He returned to Pentridge after several months and was released on 2 February 1874, six months early, for good behaviour. When he returned to Greta, his brother Jim was in prison for horse theft and his mother soon married an American, George King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265–66_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265–66-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>To settle the score with Wright over the chestnut mare, Kelly fought him in a <a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">bare-knuckle boxing</a> match at the Imperial Hotel in Beechworth, 8 August 1874. Kelly won after twenty rounds and was declared the unofficial boxing champion of the district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup> Soon afterwards, a Melbourne photographer took a portrait of Kelly in a boxing pose. Wright became an ardent supporter of Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017165_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017165-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Whitty_larceny">Whitty larceny</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Whitty larceny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After his release from prison, Kelly worked at a sawmill and later for a builder. In early 1877 he joined his step-father in an organised horse stealing operation along with Wright, Brickey Williamson, Joe Byrne, Aaron Sherritt, Allen Lowry and Albert Saxon. Kelly later claimed that the group stole 280 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003266_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003266-28">[27]</a></sup> A number of this group also belonged to the Greta Mob, a gang of "bush larrikins" who adopted a distinctive "flash" form of dress. The Greta Mob also included Ned's brothers Jim and Dan, and his cousins Tom and Jack Lloyd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003204_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003204-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 18 September 1877, Kelly was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a> for riding over a footpath while drunk. The following day he was involved in a brawl with four police officers who were escorting him to court. Two of the officers involved were constables Alex Fitzpatrick, who was a friend of Kelly, and Tom Lonigan, who had grabbed Kelly by the testicles during the fracas. Kelly was found guilty of being drunk and disorderly, resisting arrest and assaulting a police officer. He was fined and released. The claim that Kelly vowed that if ever he should shoot a man it would be Lonigan is probably apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> However, Kelly later claimed that Fitzpatrick subsequently harassed his family because Kelly had knocked him down during the brawl.
</p><p>In August 1877 Kelly, with his step-father George King and a number of accomplices, stole eleven horses from a paddock owned by James Whitty, a wealthy local grazier. Kelly altered the brands on the horses and sold six of them to William Baumgarten, a horse dealer in <a href="/wiki/Barnawartha" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnawartha">Barnawartha</a>, near the New South Wales border. On 26 September the horses were listed as stolen and the police began an investigation. On 10 November, Baumgarten and his brother Gustav were arrested for selling stolen horses and the police were on Kelly's trail. A warrant for his arrest in relation to the "Whitty <a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">larceny</a>" was sworn in March 1878 and a further warrant for the arrest of his younger brother Dan was issued on 5 April. George King had disappeared, never to be seen again.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fitzpatrick_incident">Fitzpatrick incident</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fitzpatrick incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Fitzpatrick.27s_version_of_events"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fitzpatrick's_version_of_events">Fitzpatrick's version of events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fitzpatrick's version of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg/88px-ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg/132px-ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg/176px-ConstableAlexanderFitzpatrick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="940" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Constable Fitzpatrick</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg/212px-Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg/318px-Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg/424px-Kelly_House_at_Greta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Remains of the Kelly residence at Greta, site of the Fitzpatrick incident</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>On 11 April 1878, Constable Strachan, the officer in charge of Greta police station, heard that Kelly was at a shearing shed in New South Wales and was given leave to apprehend him. Constable Fitzpatrick was ordered to Greta for relief duty. Fitzpatrick read in the <i>Police Gazette</i> of a warrant for Dan Kelly's arrest for horse stealing, and he discussed with his sergeant at Benalla the idea of calling at the Kelly home on the way to Greta to arrest Dan. The sergeant agreed but warned him to be careful. On 15 April, Fitzpatrick rode through <a href="/wiki/Winton,_Victoria" title="Winton, Victoria">Winton</a> <i>en route</i> to Greta, stopping at the hotel there where he had one <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> and lemonade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017201–04_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017201–04-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Finding Dan not at home, Fitzpatrick remained with Kelly's mother, in conversation, for about an hour. Three children were also present. According to Fitzpatrick, upon hearing someone chopping wood, he went to ensure that the chopping was licensed. The man proved to be Brickey Williamson, a neighbour, who said that he didn't need a licence because he was chopping wood on his own selection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Fitzpatrick saw two horsemen making towards the Kelly house. The men proved to be the teenaged Dan Kelly and his brother-in-law, Bill Skillion (also known as Bill Skilling). Fitzpatrick returned to the house and made the arrest. Dan asked to be allowed to have dinner before leaving. The constable consented, and stood guard over his prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minutes later, Ned Kelly rushed in through the front door and fired a shot at Fitzpatrick with a revolver, missing him. Kelly's mother then hit Fitzpatrick over the head with a fire shovel. There was a struggle and Kelly fired two more shots, wounding Fitzpatrick just above his left wrist. During the struggle, Skillion and Williamson entered the room, both armed with revolvers. Dan disarmed Fitzpatrick and now had his revolver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017208–10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017208–10-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ned told Fitzpatrick that he wouldn't have fired at him if he had known it was him. Fitzpatrick fainted and when he regained consciousness Kelly compelled him to extract the bullet from his own arm with a knife; Kelly's mother dressed the wound. Kelly concocted a cover story and said that if Fitzpatrick told this story he would reward him after the Baumgarten case was over. Kelly's mother said that if he mentioned what really happened his life would be no good to him. Fitzpatrick was allowed to leave. He had ridden away about a mile when he found that two horsemen were pursuing, but by spurring his horse into a gallop he escaped to the Winton hotel and was assisted inside by the manager. His wound was rebandaged and he was given a brandy and water. The manager then rode with him to Benalla where he reported the affair to his superior officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017210–13_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017210–13-35">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kelly_family_version_of_events">Kelly family version of events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kelly family version of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The witness which can prove Fitzpatrick's falsehood can be found by advertising and if this is not done immediately horrible disasters shall follow. Fitzpatrick shall be the cause of greater slaughter to the rising generation than St. Patrick was to the snakes and toads in Ireland. For had I robbed, plundered, ravished and murdered everything I met my character could not be painted blacker than it as present but thank God my conscience is as clear as the snow in Peru.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kelly in a letter sent to Superintendent John Sadleir and parliamentarian Donald Cameron, December 1878<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>In an interview three months before his <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a>, Kelly said that at the time of the incident, he was 200 miles from home. According to him, his mother had asked Fitzpatrick if he had a warrant and Fitzpatrick replied that he had only a telegram, to which his mother said that Dan need not go. Fitzpatrick then said, pulling out a revolver, "I will blow your brains out if you interfere". His mother replied, "You would not be so handy with that popgun of yours if Ned were here". Dan then said, trying to trick Fitzpatrick, "There is Ned coming along by the side of the house". While he was pretending to look out of the window for Ned, Dan cornered Fitzpatrick, took the revolver and released Fitzpatrick unharmed. If Fitzpatrick suffered any wounds they were possibly self-inflicted. Skillion and Williamson were not present.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1879 Ned's sister Kate, who was aged 14 at the time of the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had made a sexual advance to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017217_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017217-38">[37]</a></sup> After Kelly was captured, he denied that Fitzpatrick tried to take liberties with Kate: "No, that is a foolish story; if he or any other policeman tried to take liberties with my sister, Victoria would not hold him".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1929 journalist <a href="/wiki/J._J._Kenneally" title="J. J. Kenneally">J. J. Kenneally</a> gave yet another version of the incident based on interviews with the remaining Kelly brother, Jim, and Kelly cousin and gang providore Tom Lloyd. In this version Fitzpatrick was drunk when he arrived at the Kelly house, and while sitting in front of the fire he pulled Kate onto his knee, provoking Dan to throw him to the floor. In the ensuing struggle, Fitzpatrick drew his revolver, Ned appeared, and with his brother seized the constable, disarming him, but not before he struck his wrist against the projecting part of the door lock, an injury he claimed to be a gunshot wound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929Chapter_2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929Chapter_2-39">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Three police officers later gave sworn evidence that Kelly, after his capture, admitted he had shot Fitzpatrick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017215_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017215-40">[39]</a></sup> In 1881, Brickey Williamson, who was seeking remission for his sentence in relation to the incident, stated that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick after the constable had drawn his revolver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017214–15_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017214–15-41">[40]</a></sup> Jones and Dawson have argued that Kelly shot Fitzpatrick but it was his friend Joe Byrne who was with him, not Bill Skillion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1995115–18_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1995115–18-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial">Trial</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Williamson, Skillion and Ellen Kelly were arrested and charged with aiding and abetting attempted murder; Ned and Dan were nowhere to be found. The three appeared on 9 October 1878 before Judge <a href="/wiki/Redmond_Barry" title="Redmond Barry">Redmond Barry</a>. Fitzpatrick's doctor, who had treated his wound, gave evidence that the constable "was certainly not drunk" and that his wounds were consistent with his statement. The defence declined to call Ned's sisters, Kate and 12-year-old Grace, to give evidence even though they were eyewitnesses. The defence did call two witnesses to give evidence that Skillion wasn't present, which would cast doubt on Fitzpatrick's entire evidence. One of these witnesses was a friend of the Kellys, the other, Joe Ryan, a relative. Ryan revealed that Ned was in Greta that afternoon, which was damaging to the defence. Ellen Kelly, Skillion and Williamson were convicted as accessories to the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. Skillion and Williamson both received sentences of six years' and Ellen three years of hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220–44_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220–44-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ellen's sentence was considered harsh, even by people who had no cause to be Kelly sympathisers, especially as she was nursing a newborn baby. Alfred Wyatt, a police magistrate in Benalla, told the later <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>, "I thought the sentence upon that old woman, Mrs Kelly, a very severe one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220-45">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stringybark_Creek_police_murders">Stringybark Creek police murders</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stringybark Creek police murders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg/92px-Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg/138px-Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg/184px-Bushranger_Dan_Kelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SteveHart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SteveHart.jpg/89px-SteveHart.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SteveHart.jpg/134px-SteveHart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SteveHart.jpg/178px-SteveHart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg/100px-Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg/150px-Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Joe_Byrne_the_19th-century_outlaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Greta mob members <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(bushranger)" title="Dan Kelly (bushranger)">Dan Kelly</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hart" title="Steve Hart">Steve Hart</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrne_(bushranger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Byrne (bushranger)">Joe Byrne</a> (right) took to bushranging with Ned Kelly after the Fitzpatrick incident.</div></div></div></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg/170px-Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg/255px-Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg/340px-Mansfield-police-photomontage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: Constable Lonigan, Sergeant Kennedy, Constable McIntyre and Constable Scanlan</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the Fitzpatrick incident, Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went into hiding and were soon joined by Steve Hart, a friend of Dan. They were based at Bullock Creek in the Wombat Ranges, where they made money sluicing gold and distilling whisky, and were supplied with provisions and information by sympathisers including Ned's cousin Tom Lloyd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003460–61_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003460–61-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The police had received information that the Kelly gang were in the Wombat Ranges at the head of the King River and, on 25 October 1878, two mounted police parties were dispatched to search for them. One party, consisting of Sergeant Michael Kennedy and constables Michael Scanlan (sometimes spelled Scanlon), Thomas Lonigan and Thomas McIntyre camped overnight in an abandoned mining site at <a href="/wiki/Stringybark_Creek" title="Stringybark Creek">Stringybark Creek</a>, about twenty-five miles north of <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Victoria" title="Mansfield, Victoria">Mansfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60-47">[46]</a></sup> They were unaware that they were only 1.5 miles from the Kelly gang's hideout<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201576_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201576-48">[47]</a></sup> and that Ned had observed their tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the following morning, Kennedy and Scanlan went scouting while McIntyre and Lonigan remained at the camp. At about 5 p.m. the four members of the Kelly gang emerged from the bush and ordered the two policemen in the camp to bail up and raise their arms. According to McIntyre, each member of the gang was armed with a <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>, but according to Ned they only had two guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup> McIntyre was unarmed at the time and raised his arms. According to McIntyre, Lonigan made a motion to draw his revolver and ran for the cover of a tree a few yards away. Ned immediately shot Lonigan, killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> According to Ned, Lonigan had ducked behind a fallen tree and Ned shot him as he raised his head to fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stringybark_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stringybark_attack.jpg/220px-Stringybark_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stringybark_attack.jpg/330px-Stringybark_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stringybark_attack.jpg/440px-Stringybark_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The Kelly gang prepares to open fire as Kennedy and Scanlan arrive. Lonigan's body lies in the foreground.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Kelly gang questioned McIntyre and armed themselves with the policemen's shotgun and revolvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup> At about 5.30 p.m., Kennedy and Scanlan returned on horseback and the Kelly gang hid themselves. According to McIntyre, he walked towards Kennedy but before he could speak to him, the Kelly gang ordered the police to bail up. Kennedy tried to unclip his gun holster and shots were fired by the gang. McIntyre advised Kennedy to surrender as he was surrounded. Meanwhile, Scanlan dismounted and was shot while trying to unsling his rifle. McIntyre stated that Scanlan didn't have time to fire a shot. According to Ned, Scanlan fired and Ned shot him as he tried to fire again. Scanlan died soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kennedy had dismounted and, according to McIntyre, tried to surrender without firing a shot, but the gang continued firing at him. According to Kelly, Kennedy hid behind a tree and started firing. Kennedy retreated into the bush. Ned and Dan pursued him for almost a mile,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201587_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201587-52">[51]</a></sup> exchanging gunfire with the sergant, before Ned shot him in the right side. According to Ned, Kennedy then turned around to face him and Ned shot him in the chest with his shotgun, not realising that Kennedy had dropped his revolver and was turning to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the exchange of gunfire, McIntyre, who was still unarmed, mounted Kennedy's horse and was able to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49">[48]</a></sup> He reached Mansfield police station the following day and a search party quickly found the bodies of Lonigan and Scanlan. Kennedy's body was found two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003462_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003462-53">[52]</a></sup> The bodies had been looted of watches, rings, and other personal items.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201592_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201592-54">[53]</a></sup> Post-mortem examinations showed that Lonigan had been shot three times: through the arm, the leg and the right eye, the latter being the cause of death. Scanlan had four bullet wounds. Kennedy had at least two bullet wounds, one a shotgun wound through the chest fired from very close range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201276–77_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201276–77-55">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>McIntyre's initial accounts of the shootout were given at Mansfield on 27 October and at the <a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a> into the deaths of Lonigan and Scanlan on 29 October. Kelly's initial accounts of the killings were given in his Cameron Letter of December 1878 and Jerilderie Letter of February 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201269–73_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201269–73-56">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> These, and later accounts by McIntyre and Kelly, varied in their details. Jones, Morrissey and others have questioned the credibility of some aspects of both versions of events.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–28_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–28-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the Jerilderie letter, Kelly claimed that he had been told that a number of police officers had boasted that they would shoot him without giving him a chance to surrender. He also claimed that the weapons (especially the two rifles) and amount of ammunition the police party carried indicated their intention of killing him rather than arresting him. He claimed that these circumstances, and the failure of the police to surrender when ordered to, justified him killing them in self-defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–228_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–228-60">[59]</a></sup> McIntyre stated that he told Kelly that the intention of the police party was to arrest him and that they were not excessively armed in the circumstances. He stated that it was the Kelly gang who confronted the police with their weapons drawn and that they did not give the police a realistic chance to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201569_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201569-62">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Outlawed_under_the_Felons_Apprehension_Act">Outlawed under the <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outlawed under the Felons Apprehension Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png/220px-Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png/330px-Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png/440px-Outlaw_Proclamation_Kellys.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation by Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Bowen" title="George Bowen">George Bowen</a> declaring Ned and Dan Kelly outlaws</figcaption></figure>
<p>News of the police murders led to widespread fear of the bushrangers. On 28 October, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">government of Victoria</a> announced a reward of £800 (£200 per head) for their arrest, and this was soon increased to £2,000. On 31 October 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria" title="Parliament of Victoria">Victorian parliament</a> passed the <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">came into effect</a> on 1 November. Three days later, notices were published throughout the colony giving the bushrangers until 12 November to surrender themselves. On 15 November the four members of the Kelly gang, not having surrendered themselves, were declared outlaws. As a result, members of the gang could be killed without challenge by anyone finding them armed or who had a reasonable suspicion that they were armed. The act also penalised anyone who gave "any aid, shelter or sustenance" to the outlaws or withheld information, or gave false information, to the authorities. Punishment was "imprisonment with or without hard labour for such period not exceeding fifteen years".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> The <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i> eventually lapsed on 26 June 1880, just before the siege at Glenrowan.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Victorian act was based on the <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i> of 1865, which was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a>. The act had been enacted in response to the bushrangers <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan_(bushranger)" title="Daniel Morgan (bushranger)">Dan Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_(bushranger)" title="Ben Hall (bushranger)">Ben Hall</a>. In response to the Kelly gang, the New South Wales parliament re-enacted their legislation as the <i>Felons Apprehension Act 1879</i> (NSW).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Euroa_raid">Euroa raid</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Euroa raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg/170px-Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg/255px-Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg/340px-Kelly_robbery_Euora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Scenes from the robbery at <a href="/wiki/Euroa" title="Euroa">Euroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>After the police killings, the Kelly gang unsuccessfully attempted to escape across the flooded <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> into New South Wales before returning to their base in north-eastern Victoria. They had narrowly avoided the police on several occasions and were relying on the support of the extended Kelly family, criminal associates and other sympathisers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017294–306_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017294–306-66">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>In need of money, the Kelly gang planned to rob the bank in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Euroa" title="Euroa">Euroa</a>. On Sunday 8 December 1878, Byrne scouted the town and reported back that there would be a funeral and a sitting of the Licensing Court on the following Tuesday afternoon that many in the town would be attending. At 12.30 p.m. on 9 December, the gang held up the Younghusband pastoral sub-station at Faithfull's Creek, 3.5 miles from Euroa. Fourteen male employees and passers-by were taken hostage and held overnight in a brick outbuilding near the Faithfull's Creek homestead; female hostages were held in the homestead. One of the hostages was a passing hawker who supplied the four members of the gang with new, respectable clothes. It is probable that the hawker and a number of other hostages were sympathisers of the gang and had prior knowledge of the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>The following day, Dan guarded the hostages while Ned, Byrne and Hart rode out to cut the telegraph wires connecting Euroa to the outside world. After he did so, the gang encountered a hunting party and some railway workers, whom they held up and took back to Faithfull's Creek as hostages. Ned, Dan and Hart then went into Euroa, leaving Byrne to guard the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>Just after 4 p.m., the three gang members knocked at the doors of the closed <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Australasia" title="National Bank of Australasia">National Bank of Australasia</a> at Euroa and gained entry from the front and back. They drew their revolvers and held up both the bank and the bank manager's living quarters. They emptied the safes and cashiers' drawers of cash and gold worth £2,260 and a small number of documents and securities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> The fourteen members of the bank manager's household and staff were taken back to the Faithfull's Creek homestead as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017320_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017320-70">[69]</a></sup> There the gang performed some <a href="/wiki/Trick_riding" title="Trick riding">trick riding</a> for the hostages, who now numbered thirty-seven people, before leaving at about 8.30 p.m., warning their captives to remain where they were for three hours or there would be reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the raid, a number of newspapers commented on the efficiency of its execution and compared it with the inefficiency of the police who had failed to capture the gang in the six weeks since the Stringybark police killings. Several hostages stated that the gang had behaved courteously and without violence during the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> However, hostages also stated that on several occasions Kelly and other gang members had become enraged and had cocked their revolvers and pointed them at hostages, threatening to shoot them. The gang had also threatened to burn buildings containing hostages if there was any resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017311–15,_324,_330–31_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017311–15,_324,_330–31-73">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cameron_Letter">Cameron Letter</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cameron Letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>While at the Faithfull's Creek homestead, Byrne wrote out two fair copies of a letter that had been dictated by Kelly. On 14 December 1878, the copies were posted to Donald Cameron, a Victorian parliamentarian who Kelly wrongly thought was sympathetic to the gang, and John Sadleir, the police superintendent at Benalla. In the letter, Kelly made claims of police corruption and harassment of his family and gave his version of the Fitzpatrick incident, the Stringybark police killings and other events. Kelly expected Cameron to read the letter out in parliament, but the government refused to make it public. Newspapers, however, published summaries of its contents with commentary. Kelly later repeated much of the contents of the letter in the longer Jerilderie Letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield200391–95_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield200391–95-74">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Kelly_sympathisers_held">Kelly sympathisers held</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kelly sympathisers held"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg/220px-Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg/330px-Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Kelly_Gang_sympathisers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>The imprisonment of 23 Kelly sympathisers without trial swung public sympathy away from the police. (Pictured: three of the sympathisers, left to right: John Quinn, John Stewart and Joseph Ryan)</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 2 January 1879, police used the <i>Felons Apprehension Act</i> to obtain warrants for the arrest of presumed Kelly sympathisers for aiding the outlaws. Thirty men were arrested in the following days and twenty-three were remanded in custody. Among the leading Kelly sympathisers who were held were Tom Lloyd Jr, Jimmy Quinn, Wild Wright and Joe Ryan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987114_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987114-75">[74]</a></sup> Over a third were released within seven weeks due to lack of evidence, but a core of nine sympathisers had their remand renewed on a weekly basis for almost three months, despite the failure of the police to produce evidence for a committal hearing. Police claimed that their informants were reluctant to give sworn evidence for fear of reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201820–21_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201820–21-76">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 22 April, Police Magistrate Foster refused prosecution requests to continue remands and discharged the remaining eleven detainees. Although the police command was disturbed by this decision, by then it was clear that the tactic of holding sympathisers on continuous remand had not impeded the activities of the Kelly gang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201821_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201821-77">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>Jones argues that the decision to hold key Kelly sympathisers without trial for several months swung public sympathy away from the police.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> Dawson, however, points out that while there was widespread condemnation of the denial of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of those detained, this didn't necessarily mean there was widespread support for the outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201821–22_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201821–22-79">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Jerilderie_raid">Jerilderie raid</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jerilderie raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>The gang holds up the Jerilderie Police Station.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Following the Euroa raid, fifty-eight police were transferred to north-eastern Victoria (making a total of 217 police in the district), around fifty soldiers were deployed to guard banks in the region, and the reward for Kelly's capture was increased to £1,000. The Kelly gang had distributed most of the proceeds from the raid to family, friends and associates who had given them assistance. The outlaws were once more in need of funds, and planned to rob the bank at <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie" title="Jerilderie">Jerilderie</a>, a town of 500 residents about forty miles across the border in New South Wales. A number of sympathisers moved into the town in the days before the raid to provide information and undercover support for the gang.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017326–28,_334,_338_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017326–28,_334,_338-81">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>On Friday, 7 February 1879, the Kelly gang crossed the Murray River between <a href="/wiki/Mulwala" title="Mulwala">Mulwala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocumwal" title="Tocumwal">Tocumwal</a> and camped overnight in thick forest. The following day they visited Davidson's Inn, about two miles from Jerilderie, where they drank and chatted with patrons and staff, learning more about the town and the police presence there.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>Just after midnight on the morning of Sunday, 9 February, the gang went to Jerilderie police barracks, about half a mile from the town centre, on the pretext of alerting the police to a fictitious brawl at Davidson's Inn. After confirming that there were only two policemen present—Senior Constable George Devine and Probationary Constable Henry Richards—the gang drew their revolvers and bailed up the policemen. They secured the policemen in the lockup near the main building and spent the night in the residential quarters of the police station, where they held Devine's wife and young children hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Kelly gang spent most of Sunday morning preparing for the bank robbery while many of the town's population were attending church. In the afternoon, Byrne and Hart, dressed in police uniforms, took the disarmed Constable Richards with them into town so they could familiarise themselves with its layout. Richards was told to introduce the strangers as police reinforcements sent to search for the Kelly gang. The three then returned to the police barracks and the gang finalised plans for the following day's raid.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>At 10 a.m. on 10 February, Kelly and Byrne donned police uniforms and the four outlaws took Richards with them into town. They had left Devine in the police lockup and had warned Mrs Devine that if she tried to leave the barracks they would burn it down with her and the children inside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017346_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017346-85">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>The gang went into the main street of Jerilderie and held up the Royal Mail Hotel, which was next door to the Bank of New South Wales. They took the hotel staff and patrons hostage and, as the raid progressed, anyone walking into the hotel was captured and held in the hotel's parlour. It is almost certain that some of those held were sympathisers planted by the outlaws. Ned and Byrne then entered the bank from the rear, leaving Dan and Hart in control of the hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> Ned and Byrne held up the bank, taking £2,141 in cash as well as jewellery and other valuables. Ned also took deeds, mortgages and securities from the safe which he later had burned because "the bloody banks are crushing the life's blood out of the poor, struggling man". The bank staff and several patrons were taken prisoner and transferred to the parlour of the hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017347–49_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017347–49-87">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>Byrne then held up the post office and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">morse key</a> and insulator. Following this, several of the prisoners were ordered to take axes and bring down the telegraph poles and wires. Once the telegraph was cut, Ned went with two hostages to the newspaper owner's home where he asked for copies of his Jerilderie letter to be printed. The newspaper owner, however, had earlier escaped capture at the bank and fled the town.
</p><p>After a detour to appraise a locally famous race horse, Ned returned to the hotel and delivered a speech to the hostages outlining his grievances against the police and the justice system. He then told the hostages, who now numbered about thirty, that they were free to go. However, he took Richards and the two post office workers (who knew how to operate the telegraph) with him to the police barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017352–56_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017352–56-88">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Back at the barracks, the gang secured the two policemen and two post office workers in the lockup and prepared to leave with the proceeds from the bank robbery, the police horses and police weapons. Mrs Devine was threatened with reprisals if she released the prisoners before 7.30 p.m. Dan and Byrne then rode out of Jerilderie. Ned and Hart rode back into town where Ned stayed a short while, drinking at the Albion (Traveller's Rest) Hotel with the strangers who had recently entered the town and were soon to leave. While there, the local parson, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Gribble" title="J. B. Gribble">John B. Gribble</a>, persuaded Ned to leave the race horse he had taken as it belonged to "a young lady".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017356–62_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017356–62-89">[88]</a></sup> When Kelly and Hart left, they were not seen again by the police for 17 months.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Jerilderie_Letter">Jerilderie Letter</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jerilderie Letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Letter" title="Jerilderie Letter">Jerilderie Letter</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wish to acquaint you with some of the occurrences of the present past and future.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Opening line of the Jerilderie Letter<sup id="cite_ref-conv_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conv-91">[90]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Jerilderie_Letter" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Jerilderie Letter">The Jerilderie Letter</a></b></div></div></div>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_Jerilderie_Letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Some of the 56 pages comprising the Jerilderie Letter, on display in the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Prior to arriving in Jerilderie, Kelly composed a lengthy letter with the aim of tracing his path to outlawry, justifying his actions, and outlining the alleged injustices he and his family suffered at the hands of the police. He also decried the treatment of poor selector families by Victoria's <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)" title="Squatting (Australian history)">Squattocracy</a> and, in "an escalating promise of revenge and retribution", invoked "a mythical tradition of Irish rebellion" against what he called "the tyrannism of the English yoke".<sup id="cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelderweaver-92">[91]</a></sup> Dictated to Byrne, the Jerilderie Letter, a handwritten document of fifty-six pages and 7,391 words, was described by Kelly as "a bit of my life". He tasked Edwin Living, a local bank accountant, with delivering it to the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Herald_and_Urana_Advertiser" title="Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser">Jerilderie and Urana Gazette</a></i> for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony2001136–137_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2001136–137-93">[92]</a></sup> Due to political suppression, only excerpts were published in the press, based on a copy transcribed by John Hanlon, owner of the Eight Mile Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Deniliquin" title="Deniliquin">Deniliquin</a>. The entire letter was rediscovered and published in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelderweaver-92">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to historian Alex McDermott, "Kelly inserts himself into history, on his own terms, with his own voice. ... We hear the living speaker in a way that no other document in our history achieves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2012xxviii_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2012xxviii-94">[93]</a></sup> It has been interpreted as a proto-republican manifesto;<sup id="cite_ref-barkham_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkham-95">[94]</a></sup> for others, it is a "murderous, ... maniacal rant",<sup id="cite_ref-farrell_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell-96">[95]</a></sup> and "a remarkable insight into Kelly's grandiosity".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></sup> Noted for its unorthodox grammar, the letter reaches "delirious poetics",<sup id="cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelderweaver-92">[91]</a></sup> Kelly's language being "hyperbolic, allusive, hallucinatory ... full of striking metaphors and images".<sup id="cite_ref-conv_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conv-91">[90]</a></sup> His invective and sense of humour are also present; in one well-known passage, he calls the Victorian police "a parcel of big ugly fat-necked <a href="/wiki/Wombat" title="Wombat">wombat</a> headed, big bellied, magpie legged, narrow hipped, splaw-footed sons of Irish bailiffs or English landlords".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup> The letter closes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal200288_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200288-99">[98]</a></sup>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>neglect this and abide by the consequences, which shall be worse than the rust in the wheat of Victoria or the druth of a dry season to the grasshoppers in New South Wales I do not wish to give the order full force without giving timely warning. but I am a widows son outlawed and my orders <u>must</u> be obeyed.</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reward_increase_and_disappearance">Reward increase and disappearance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reward increase and disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reward.jpg/220px-Reward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reward.jpg/330px-Reward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Reward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>£8000 reward notice for the capture of the Kelly Gang, equivalent to $1.5 million in modern Australian currency</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg/220px-Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg/330px-Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg/440px-Troopers_in_pursuit_of_Kelly_Gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A party of troopers participating in the hunt for the Kelly gang</figcaption></figure>
<p>In response to the Jerilderie raid, the New South Wales government and several banks collectively issued £4,000 for the gang's capture, dead or alive, the largest reward offered in the colony since £5,000 was placed on the heads of the outlawed <a href="/wiki/Clarke_brothers" title="Clarke brothers">Clarke brothers</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup> The Victorian government matched the offer for the Kelly gang, bringing the total amount to £8,000, bushranging's largest-ever reward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929105_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929105-101">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Victorian police continued to receive many reports of sightings of the outlaws from the public and information about their activities from their network of paid informants. The Chief Commissioner of Police, Frederick Standish, and Superintendent Francis Hare directed operations against the gang from Benalla. Hare organised frequent search parties and surveillance of the close family and associates of the outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017368–78_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017368–78-102">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987121–23_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987121–23-103">[102]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang,_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg/220px-Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg/330px-Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg/440px-Queensland_Police_Trackers_to_hunt_the_Kelly_Gang%2C_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Native_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Native police">Native police</a> unit, sent from Queensland to Victoria in 1879 to help capture the gang</figcaption></figure>
<p>In March 1879, six Queensland <a href="/wiki/Native_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Native police">native police</a> troopers and a senior constable under the command of sub-Inspector Stanhope O'Connor were deployed to Benalla to join the hunt for the Kelly gang. O'Connor and his troopers, at the time of the request, were in active service in the <a href="/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland" title="Cooktown, Queensland">Cooktown</a> region conducting punitive expeditions against Aboriginal communities and had recently massacred thirty people near Cape Bedford.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-104">[103]</a></sup> Although Kelly feared the tracking ability of the Aboriginal troopers, Standish and Hare doubted their value and they were not put to their best use.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup> The Aboriginal troopers were withdrawn on 25 June 1880, but quickly re-engaged following the murder of police informant Aaron Sherritt the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 7 May 1879, Standish provided the Victorian Land Board with a list of eighty-four family members and other alleged sympathisers of the outlaws in order to prevent them buying land in the secluded areas of north-eastern Victoria. The avowed aim of the policy was to disperse the Kelly family and its sympathisers and disrupt stock theft in the region. The impact of the policy is controversial. Jones and others claim that it caused widespread resentment and hardened support for the outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> Morrissey, however, states that although the policy was sometimes used unfairly, it was effective and supported by the majority of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015151–52_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015151–52-108">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 3 July 1879, following media and parliamentary criticism of the cost and lack of success of the Kelly gang search, Standish appointed Assistant Commissioner Charles Nicolson in charge of operations at Benalla in place of the injured Hare. Standish removed fourteen troopers and seventeen foot police from Nicolson's command, withdrew most of the soldiers guarding banks, and cut the budget for the search. Nicolson responded by cutting back search parties and relying more heavily on targeted surveillance and his network of spies and informers.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 2 June 1880, after almost a year of unsuccessful efforts to capture the outlaws, Nicolson was replaced by Hare. On 20 May a police informant, Daniel Kennedy, had reported that the Kelly gang had successfully made bullet-proof armour out of agricultural equipment and were planning another raid. On 25 June, Kennedy personally reported this information to Hare. Hare dismissed the intelligence as preposterous and sacked Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017384–86_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017384–86-110">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Glenrowan_affair">Glenrowan affair</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Glenrowan affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Murder_of_Aaron_Sherritt">Murder of Aaron Sherritt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Murder of Aaron Sherritt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... I look upon Ned Kelly as an extraordinary man; there is no man in the world like him, he is superhuman.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aaron Sherritt to Superintendent Hare<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg/170px-Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg/255px-Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg/340px-Aaron_Sherritt_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sherritt showing his "larrikin heel" and wearing his hat in the Greta mob fashion with the chin strap resting under his nose</figcaption></figure>
<p>During the Kelly outbreak, police watch parties monitored houses belonging to relatives of the gang, including that of Byrne's mother in the Woolshed Valley near Beechworth. The police used the house of her neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sherritt" title="Aaron Sherritt">Aaron Sherritt</a>, former Greta Mob member and lifelong friend of Byrne, as a base of operations, sleeping inside during the day and keeping watch from nearby caves at night. Sherritt accepted police payments for camping with the watch parties and for providing information on the bushrangers' activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup> It is likely that Sherritt also gave the police false information in order to protect Byrne. Detective <a href="/wiki/Michael_Edward_Ward" title="Michael Edward Ward">Michael Ward</a> was particularly sceptical of Sherritt's value as an informer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001128_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001128-112">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-113">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 1879 Byrne's mother discovered Sherritt with a police surveillance party and later publicly denounced him as a spy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987122_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987122-114">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-115">[114]</a></sup> In the following months, Byrne and Ned sent Sherritt messages stating that the Lloyds and Quinns wanted him shot and that it would be better for him if he joined the outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017373,_377_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017373,_377-116">[115]</a></sup> When Sherritt continued his relationship with the police, Byrne warned Sherritt's mother that the outlaws were going to kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017382–83_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017382–83-117">[116]</a></sup> The gang finally decided to murder Sherritt as part of their own plan, one that they boasted would "astonish not only the Australian colonies, but the whole world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1970193_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1970193-118">[117]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurderOfSherritt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MurderOfSherritt.jpg/220px-MurderOfSherritt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MurderOfSherritt.jpg/330px-MurderOfSherritt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MurderOfSherritt.jpg/440px-MurderOfSherritt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>An artist's depiction of the Murder of Aaron Sherritt</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 26 June 1880, Dan and Byrne rode into the Woolshed Valley. That evening, they kidnapped Anton Wick, who lived near Sherritt, and forced him to come with them to Sherritt's hut, which was occupied by Sherritt, his pregnant wife Ellen, Mrs Barry (Ellen's mother) and four policemen who had been stationed in the hut to guard Sherritt and spy on Mrs Byrne's home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017390–92_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017390–92-119">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>At about 6.30 p.m., Dan went to the front door of the hut while Byrne forced Wick to knock on the back door and call out for Sherritt. When Sherritt answered the door, Byrne shot him in the throat and chest with a shotgun, killing him. Byrne then entered the hut and Dan was let in while the four policemen hid in the bedroom. Byrne heard the police scrambling for their shotguns and demanded that they come out. When the police didn't respond he fired into the bedroom. He then sent Ellen into the bedroom to bring the police out, but they held her in the room.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-120">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p>The outlaws left the hut with Mrs Barry, collected kindling, and loudly threatened to burn alive those inside. They sent Mrs Barry back inside and the police detained her in the bedroom. After a failed attempt to set fire to the building, the outlaws stayed outside yelling threats at the occupants. They then released Wick and rode away. The siege had lasted two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017392–93_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017392–93-121">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015122–23_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015122–23-122">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>The police didn't leave the hut until the following morning, for fear that the bushrangers would be still waiting outside for them. News of Sherritt's death only reached Hare in Benalla at 2.30 p.m. on Sunday, 27 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156–57_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156–57-123">[122]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Siege_and_shootout">Siege and shootout</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Siege and shootout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg/170px-Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg/255px-Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg/340px-Ned_Kelly_attemps_to_derail_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Kelly forces two line-repairers to damage the track at <a href="/wiki/Glenrowan,_Victoria" title="Glenrowan, Victoria">Glenrowan</a> in a plot to derail the Police Special Train</figcaption></figure>
<p>The gang estimated that the policemen inside Sherritt's hut would relay news of his murder to Beechworth by early Sunday morning, prompting a special police train to be sent up from Melbourne. They also surmised that the train would collect reinforcements in Benalla before continuing through <a href="/wiki/Glenrowan,_Victoria" title="Glenrowan, Victoria">Glenrowan</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/Warby_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Warby Ranges">Warby Ranges</a>. There, the gang planned to derail the train and shoot dead any survivors, then ride to an unpoliced Benalla where they would rob the banks, set fire to the courthouse, blow up the police barracks, release anyone imprisoned in the gaol, and "generally play havoc with the entire town" before returning to the bush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201857–58_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201857–58-124">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>While Byrne and Dan were in the Woolshed Valley, Ned and Hart tried, but failed, to damage the track at Glenrowan, so they forced two local <a href="/wiki/Platelayer" title="Platelayer">platelayers</a> and some labourers camped nearby to finish the job. The outlaws selected a sharp curve in the line that ran across a deep ravine, and told their captives that they were going to "send the train and its occupants to hell".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984152_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984152-125">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156-126">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>Byrne and Dan had now arrived at Glenrowan and the gang had taken over the railway station, the stationmaster's home and Ann Jones' Glenrowan Inn, opposite the railway station and just under a mile from the town centre. The gang used the hotel to hold the workers, passers-by, and other male prisoners they gathered throughout the night and following day. Most of the women and children taken prisoner were held at the stationmaster's home. The other hotel in town, McDonnell's Railway Hotel, located on the other side of the tracks, was used to stable the gang's stolen horses, one of which carried a tin of blasting powder and fuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-113">[112]</a></sup> The packhorses also carried <a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">suits of bullet-repelling armour</a>, each complete with a helmet and weighing about 44 kilograms (97 lb). The armour was designed to provide protection for the outlaws as they stood on top of the embankment firing down on any survivors of the train wreck. There was no leg armour as it would hinder the outlaws' movement and wasn't necessary given the angle of any return fire up the embankment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015121_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015121-127">[126]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kellys,_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg/220px-The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg/330px-The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg/440px-The_Kellys%2C_the_Glenrowan_Quadrilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A sketch by <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_McCrae" title="George Gordon McCrae">George Gordon McCrae</a> shows the gang dancing with hostages.</figcaption></figure>
<p>By Sunday afternoon, the expected train still had not arrived and the outlaws had moved most of the women and children to the Glenrowan Inn. There were now sixty-two hostages including sympathisers who the gang had planted to help control the situation. As the hours passed without any sight of the train, the gang plied the hostages with drink and organised music, singing, dancing and games.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-115">[114]</a></sup> One hostage later testified, "[Ned] did not treat us badly—not at all".<sup id="cite_ref-seal2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal2-128">[127]</a></sup> However, Ned threatened to shoot another young hostage, keeping him "in a state of extreme terror for about half an hour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201844_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201844-129">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the late afternoon and evening of Sunday, Ned allowed twenty-one of the hostages who he considered trustworthy to leave. At about 10 p.m. he and Byrne captured Glenrowan's lone constable, Hugh Bracken, with the assistance of hostage Thomas Curnow, a local schoolmaster who sought to gain the gang's trust in order to thwart their plans. Believing that Curnow was a sympathiser, Ned let him and his wife return to their home close to the railway tracks, but warned them to "go quietly to bed and not to dream too loud".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-120">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987158_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987158-130">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p>The police train Ned had been expecting only left Benalla after 2 a.m. on Monday. The train carried seven regular troopers under Superintendent Hare, five Queensland Aboriginal Troopers under sub-Inspector O'Connor, four journalists and several other civilians. Acting on intelligence that the tracks had been sabotaged, Hare had ordered a pilot engine to travel ahead of the police train. At 2.30 a.m., the pilot train was approaching Glenrowan when Curnow went to the tracks, signalled it to stop and alerted the driver of the danger.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly had decided to let the hostages return home and was delivering them a lecture about police informers when Byrne came in from outside with the news that a train had arrived. The outlaws donned their armour and prepared themselves for a confrontation. Meanwhile, Bracken told the hostages to lie low and escaped to the railway station to explain the situation to the police. On hearing Bracken's news, Hare immediately led a detachment of police towards the hotel while the main body of troopers prepared the horses and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> It was just after 3 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201864_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201864-133">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>
The four outlaws positioned themselves in the shadow of the veranda in the front of the hotel and opened fire when the police were about thirty yards away in the moonlight. The police returned fire and about 100 to 150 shots were fired in fifteen minutes. Someone shouted that there were women and children in the building and there was a lull in the shooting. Hare was wounded in the left wrist and soon had to return to Benalla for treatment. Ned was wounded in the left hand and arm and his right foot. Byrne was shot in the leg and retreated into the hotel. Two hostages were fatally wounded by police fire through the thin weatherboard walls of the building: thirteen-year-old John Jones and railway worker Martin Cherry.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup> A third hostage, George Metcalf, was also fatally wounded, either by police fire or shot accidentally by Ned in an earlier incident.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane20121_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane20121-136">[135]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenrowan_shootout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The gang and police exchange gunfire. Drawing by Tom Carrington, one of several journalists present during the battle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Glenrowan_shootout.jpg/700px-Glenrowan_shootout.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Glenrowan_shootout.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenrowan_shootout.jpg" title="File:Glenrowan shootout.jpg"> </a></div>The gang and police exchange gunfire. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carrington_(illustrator)" title="Tom Carrington (illustrator)">Tom Carrington</a>, one of several journalists present during the battle</div></div></div>
<p>During the lull in the firing, a number of hostages, mostly women and children, escaped from the hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015234–35_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015234–35-138">[137]</a></sup> Kelly, bleeding heavily from his wounds, retreated behind the hotel and made his way into the bush where police found his skull cap and rifle at around 3.30 a.m., about 100 yards from the hotel. Kelly later stated that at that time he was in the bushes not far from the police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201834–35_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201834–35-139">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Police surrounded the hotel throughout the night, and the firing continued intermittently. At about 5 a.m., Byrne was fatally shot in the groin while making a toast to the Kelly gang in the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201836_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201836-140">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987161_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987161-141">[140]</a></sup> Between 5.30 a.m. and 7 a.m. police reinforcements under Sergeant Steele and Superintendent Sadleir arrived from Wangaratta and Benalla, taking the police contingent to about forty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201837_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201837-142">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987160,_163_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987160,_163-143">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Last_stand_and_capture">Last stand and capture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Last stand and capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg/220px-A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg/330px-A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg/440px-A_strange_apparition_Ned_Kelly%27s_last_stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>"A strange apparition": when Kelly appeared out of the mist-shrouded bush, clad in armour, bewildered policemen took him to be a ghost, a <a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">bunyip</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Old Nick</a> himself".</figcaption></figure>
<p>Seriously wounded, Kelly lay in the bush for most of the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201835–38_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201835–38-144">[143]</a></sup> At dawn (about 7 a.m.), dressed in his armour and armed with three handguns, he came out of the bush and attacked the police from their rear. Eyewitnesses variously compared the figure moving in the early morning mist to a <a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">bunyip</a>, the devil, and a ghost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017412–13_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017412–13-145">[144]</a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carrington_(illustrator)" title="Tom Carrington (illustrator)">Tom Carrington</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414-146">[145]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With the steam rising from the ground, it looked for all the world like the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Hamlet)" title="Ghost (Hamlet)">ghost of Hamlet's father</a> with no head, only a very long thick neck ... It was the most extraordinary sight I ever saw or read of in my life, and I felt fairly spellbound with wonder, and I could not stir or speak.</p></blockquote>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant Steele and railway guard Dowsett capture Kelly.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Police returned fire as Kelly moved towards the hotel, staggering from his injuries, the weight of his armour, and the impact of bullets on the plate iron, which he later described as "like blows from a man's fist." Kelly had difficulty aiming, firing and reloading his weapons due to his injuries and limited vision through his helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>The gun battle lasted under half an hour—Dan and Hart providing intermittent covering fire from the hotel—until Steele brought down Ned with two shotgun blasts to his unprotected legs and thighs. Ned was disarmed and carried to the railway station where a doctor attended to his injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414–18_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414–18-148">[147]</a></sup> He was later found to have more than twenty-eight wounds, including serious gunshot wounds to his left elbow and right foot, multiple less serious gunshot wounds, and cuts and abrasions from his armour.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201225–26_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201225–26-150">[149]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg/220px-Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg/330px-Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg/440px-Kelly-Capture-Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4751" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption>Monument marking the spot of Kelly's capture</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the meantime the siege continued. Around 10 a.m., a ceasefire was called and the remaining thirty hostages left the hotel. The police ordered the hostages to lie down and they were checked to ensure that the outlaws were not among them. Two of the hostages were arrested for being known Kelly sympathisers.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fire_and_aftermath">Fire and aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fire and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JonesHotel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JonesHotel.jpeg/220px-JonesHotel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JonesHotel.jpeg/330px-JonesHotel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JonesHotel.jpeg/440px-JonesHotel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Jones's Hotel after the fire</figcaption></figure>
<p>By Monday afternoon, a crowd of some 600 spectators had gathered at Glenrowan, and Dan and Hart had ceased shooting. Unwilling to allow his men to storm the hotel, Sadleir ordered a cannon to be sent to blast out the outlaws but then decided to burn them out. At 2.50 p.m, Senior Constable Charles Johnson, supported by covering fire from the police, set fire to the Glenrowan Inn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162-152">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gibney" title="Matthew Gibney">Matthew Gibney</a>, a Catholic priest, entered the burning building in an attempt to rescue anyone inside and discovered the bodies of Byrne, Dan and Hart. The exact circumstances of the deaths of Dan and Hart remain a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984163_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984163-153">[152]</a></sup> Police recovered the body of Byrne from the hotel bar and rescued the seriously wounded hostage Martin Cherry from the kitchen behind the hotel, but he died soon after. After the fire died out at 4 p.m., the police recovered the badly burnt bodies of Dan and Hart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162–63_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162–63-154">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg/220px-Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg/330px-Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg/440px-Group_at_the_Kelly_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Police and Aboriginal trackers pose in front of the "Kelly Tree".</figcaption></figure>
<p>The death toll at Glenrowan included three members of the Kelly gang and the hostages Cherry, John Jones (who died the following day at Wangaratta Hospital) and George Metcalf (who died from his gunshot wound several months later).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223-155">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201227–29_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201227–29-156">[155]</a></sup> Jones' sister Jane received a head wound during the siege from a stray bullet, and two years later died from a lung infection that her mother believed was hastened by the injury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001147_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001147-157">[156]</a></sup> Others wounded were hostages Michael Reardon and his baby sister Bridget (who was grazed by a bullet), Superintendent Hare and "an Aboriginal trooper", unnamed, as only the names of white victims were considered worth recording at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223-155">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015134,_138_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015134,_138-158">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>The following day, the police tied Byrne's body to the door of the Benalla lockup to be photographed. His friends asked for the body, but the police instead arranged a hasty inquiry and burial in a pauper's grave in Benalla Cemetery. The charred remains of Dan and Hart were taken to Greta and buried by their families in unmarked graves in the local cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trial and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_in_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Kelly in the dock</figcaption></figure>
<p>Kelly survived to stand trial on 19 October 1880 in Melbourne before Sir Redmond Barry, the judge who had earlier sentenced Kelly's mother to three years in prison for the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick2014_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick2014-160">[159]</a></sup> Charles Smyth and Arthur Chomley appeared for the Crown, and the novice barrister Henry Bindon for the prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005180_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005180-161">[160]</a></sup> Kelly was presented on the charge of murdering constables Lonigan and Scanlan, but was never charged with the murder of Sergeant Kennedy. The trial was adjorned to 28 October and the prosecution chose not to proceed with the charge of Scanlan's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005179,_183,_185_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005179,_183,_185-162">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly was convicted of the willful murder of Lonigan and sentenced to death by hanging. After handing down the sentence, Barry concluded with the customary words, "May God have mercy on your soul", to which Kelly replied, "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there where I go".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005191–94_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005191–94-163">[162]</a></sup> Barry was to die of natural causes only twelve days after Kelly's execution.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 3 November, the Executive Council of Victoria decided that Kelly was to be hanged eight days later, 11 November, at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Melbourne_Gaol" title="Old Melbourne Gaol">Old Melbourne Gaol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017460_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017460-165">[164]</a></sup> In the week leading up to the execution, thousands turned out at street rallies across Melbourne demanding a reprieve for Kelly, and on 8 November, a petition for clemency with over 32,000 signatures, some of which were of a suspicious nature, was presented to the governor's private secretary. The Executive Council announced soon after that the hanging would proceed as scheduled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017461–63_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017461–63-166">[165]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg/170px-Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg/255px-Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg/340px-Ned_Kelly_Scaffold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Kelly goes to the gallows</figcaption></figure>
<p>The day before his execution, Kelly had his photographic portrait taken as a keepsake for his family, and he was granted farewell interviews with relatives. One newspaper reported that his mother's last words to him were, "Mind you die like a Kelly", but Jones and Castles have questioned this.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005213–14_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005213–14-168">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>
The following morning, John Castieau, the governor of the gaol, informed Kelly that the hour of execution had been fixed at 10 a.m. Kelly's leg-irons were removed, and at 9 a.m. he was led out by warders accompanied by the chaplain Dean Donaghy. When passing the gaol's garden he commented on the beauty of the flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></sup> Accounts differ about Kelly's <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a>. Some newspaper reporters wrote that it was, "Such is life", while other newspapers recorded that this was his response when Castieau told him of the intended hour of his execution, earlier that day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick20148-170">[169]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i> wrote that Kelly's last words were, "Ah, well, I suppose it has come to this", as the rope was placed round his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_EXECUTION_OF_EDWARD_KELLY_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_EXECUTION_OF_EDWARD_KELLY-171">[170]</a></sup> According to another account, Kelly intended to make a speech, but "made no audible sound".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick20148-170">[169]</a></sup> The warden later wrote that Kelly, when prompted to say his last words, mumbled something indiscernible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick20148-170">[169]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG/170px-Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG/255px-Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG/340px-Ned_kelly_armour_library.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>Kelly's armour on display in the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a>. The helmet, breastplate, backplate and shoulder plates show 18 bullet marks. Also on display are Kelly's <a href="/wiki/Snider_Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider Enfield">Snider Enfield</a> rifle and one of his boots.</figcaption></figure>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Royal_Commission_and_aftermath">Royal Commission and aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Royal Commission and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg/170px-Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg/255px-Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg/340px-Royal_Commission_Kelly_Outbreak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>The royal commission into police conduct during the Kelly outbreak resulted in many force members being censured, reprimanded, demoted, suspended or dismissed</figcaption></figure>
<p>In March 1881, the Victorian government approved a Royal Commission into the conduct of the Victorian police during the Kelly Outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479-172">[171]</a></sup> Over the next six months, the commission, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Longmore" title="Francis Longmore">Francis Longmore</a>, held sixty-six meetings, examined sixty-two witnesses and visited towns throughout "Kelly Country". While its report found that the police had acted properly in relation to the criminality of the Kellys, it exposed widespread corruption and ended a number of police careers, including that of Chief Commissioner Standish.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></sup> Numerous other officers, including senior staff, were reprimanded, <a href="/wiki/Demotion" title="Demotion">demoted</a> or suspended. It concluded with a list of thirty-six recommendations for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick2014_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick2014-160">[159]</a></sup> Kelly hoped that his death would lead to an investigation into police conduct, and although the report did not exonerate him or his gang, its findings were said to strip the authorities "of what scanty rags of reputation the Kellys had left them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479-172">[171]</a></sup>
</p><p>The £8,000 reward money was divided among various claimants with £6,000 going to members of the Victorian police, Superintendent Hare receiving the lion's share of £800. Curnow complained about his payout of £550, and the following year it was upgraded to £1,000. Seven Aboriginal trackers involved in the siege were each awarded £50, but their money was given to the Victorian and Queensland governments for safekeeping, the Reward Board's argument being, "It would not be desirable to place any considerable sum of money in the hands of persons unable to use it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017478–79_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017478–79-174">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>There was media and police speculation that there would be further outbreaks of violence in north-eastern Victoria following Kelly's execution.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></sup> Jones and Dawson argue that changes in policing methods reduced this threat. The police held informal discussions with the Kelly family to assure them that they would be treated fairly if they kept the peace. The police no longer pursued a policy of dispersing the family and their sympathisers by denying them land in north-eastern Victoria, but rather explicitly tied access to land to lawful behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201848_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201848-177">[176]</a></sup> During the Royal Commission there were threats of violence and intimidation against people who had assisted the police.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201849–50_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201849–50-179">[178]</a></sup> Nevertheless, the police reported a reduction in horse and cattle theft and crime in general in the region following Kelly's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane2012207_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane2012207-180">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly's mother was released from prison in February 1881. Jones states that she met with Greta police constable Robert Graham soon after, and they reached an understanding which helped reduce tension in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a></sup> Mrs Kelly died, aged 95, on 27 March 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Remains_and_graves">Remains and graves</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Remains and graves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Portrait_Gallery,_Canberra,_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg/170px-National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg/255px-National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg/340px-National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia_-_Joy_of_Museums_-_Ned_Kelly_-_Death_Mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Kelly's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> on display in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(Australia)" title="National Portrait Gallery (Australia)">National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In line with the practice of the day, no records were kept regarding the disposal of an executed person's remains. Kelly was buried in the "old men's yard", just inside the walls of Old Melbourne Gaol.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dissection">Dissection</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dissection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On 14 May 1881, a newspaper reported that Kelly's body was <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissected</a> by medical students who removed his head and organs for study.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></sup> Dissection outside of a coronial enquiry was illegal. Public outrage at the rumour raised real fears of public disorder, leading the commissioner of police to write to the gaol's governor, who denied that a dissection had taken place. Saw cuts on a piece of his <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital bone</a> recovered in 2011 confirmed that a dissection had indeed been done.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-185">[184]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Thefts_of_remains">Thefts of remains</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Thefts of remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1929, the Old Melbourne Gaol was closed for routine <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a>, and the bodies in its graveyard were uncovered during the demolition works. During the recovery of the bodies, spectators and workers stole skeletal parts and skulls from a number of graves, including one marked with an arrow and the initials "E.K."<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></sup> in the belief they belonged to Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></sup> The E.K. marked grave was situated by itself, and on the opposite side of the yard where the rest of the graveyard was situated.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></sup>
</p><p>The site foreman, Harry Franklin, retrieved the skull from the E.K. marked grave and gave it to the police. As no provision had been made for the disposal of the remains, Franklin had the bodies reburied in Pentridge Prison at his own expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-185">[184]</a></sup> The skull from the E.K. marked grave, which had been stored at the Victorian Penal Department, was taken to <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> for research by Sir Colin Mackenzie, the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Anatomy" title="Australian Institute of Anatomy">Australian Institute of Anatomy</a>, in 1934. For a period of time it was lost, but was later found while cleaning out an old safe in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1972 the skull was put on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol until it was stolen on 12 December 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></sup> An investigation in 2010 proved that the displayed skull was in fact the one recovered in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_185-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-185">[184]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_and_forensic_investigation_of_remains">Historical and forensic investigation of remains</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historical and forensic investigation of remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On 9 March 2008, it was announced that Australian archaeologists believed they had found Kelly's grave on the site of Pentridge Prison.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></sup> The bones were uncovered at a mass grave and Kelly's were among those of thirty-two felons who had been executed by hanging. Jeremy Smith, a senior <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Victoria" title="Heritage Victoria">Heritage Victoria</a>, said that, "We believe we have conclusively found the burial site but that is very different from finding the remains". Ellen Hollow, Kelly's then 62-year-old grand-niece, offered to supply her own DNA to help identify his bones.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the anniversary of Kelly's hanging, 11 November 2009, Tom Baxter handed the skull in his possession to police. It was historically and forensically tested along with the Pentridge remains. The skull was compared to a cast of the skull that had been stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol in 1978 and proved to be a match. The skull was then compared to that in a newspaper photograph of worker Alex Talbot holding the skull recovered in 1929 which showed a close resemblance. Talbot was known to have taken a tooth from the skull as a souvenir and a media campaign to find the whereabouts of the tooth led to Talbot's grandson coming forward. The tooth was found to belong to the skull, confirming it was indeed the skull recovered in 1929.
</p><p>In 2004, before the skull was handed to police, a <a href="/wiki/Plaster_cast" title="Plaster cast">cast</a> of the skull was made and compared to the <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death masks</a> of those executed at Old Melbourne Gaol, which eliminated all but two. The two were those of Kelly and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Knox" title="Ernest Knox">Ernest Knox</a>, who had been executed in March 1894 (headstone marked E.K., 19–3–94) and buried near Frederick Deeming (headstone marked with the initials A.W. and a D underneath). In April 1929, the skulls of the E.K. marked grave (which was thought at the time to belong to Kelly) and Deeming were looted from the excavated graves.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></sup> The death mask of Knox and a facial reconstruction of a cast of the skull were a close match.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010 and 2011, the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine performed a series of craniofacial super-imposition, CT scanning, anthropology and DNA tests on the skull recovered from the E.K. grave and concluded it was not Kelly's.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></sup> In 2014, the remains of Deeming's brother was exhumed from Bebington cemetery and tissue samples were obtained from a <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> bone. A DNA profile was successfully obtained from the samples and compared with a DNA profile that had been previously obtained from the skull that was stolen from the Old Melbourne Gaol. The DNA profiles did not match, conclusively proving that the skull is not Deeming's.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></sup> It is now accepted that the skull recovered in 1929 and later displayed in the Old Melbourne Gaol was not Kelly's or Deeming's.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_185-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-185">[184]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic pathologist">Forensic pathologists</a> also examined the bones from Pentridge, which were much decayed and jumbled with the remains of others, making identification difficult. The collar bone was found to be the only bone that had survived in all the skeletons and these were all DNA tested against that of Leigh Olver. A match to Kelly was found and the associated skeleton turned out to be one of the most complete. Kelly's remains were additionally identified by partially healed right foot, right knee and left elbow injuries matching those caused by the bullet wounds at Glenrowan as recorded by the gaol's surgeon in 1880 and by the fact that his head was missing, likely removed for <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenological</a> study. A section from the back of a skull (the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital</a>) was recovered from the grave that bore saw cuts that matched those present on several neck vertebrae, indicating that the skull section belonged to the skeleton and that an illegal dissection had been performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_185-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-185">[184]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2011, scientists publicly confirmed a skeleton exhumed from the old Pentridge Prison's mass graveyard was indeed Kelly's.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ2Sep2011_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ2Sep2011-198">[197]</a></sup> The skeleton was missing most of its skull, the whereabouts of which are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_burial">Final burial</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Final burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On 1 August 2012, the Victorian government issued a licence for Kelly's bones to be returned to the Kelly family, who made plans for his final burial. The family also appealed for the person who possessed Kelly's skull to return it.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 20 January 2013, Kelly's relatives granted his final wish and buried his remains in consecrated ground at Greta cemetery near his mother's unmarked grave. A piece of Kelly's skull was also buried with his remains and was surrounded by concrete to prevent looting. The burial followed a <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a> held on 18 January 2013 at St Patrick's Catholic Church in Wangaratta.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Headstone">Headstone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Headstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bayside" title="City of Bayside">Bayside City Council</a> built bluestone walls to protect local beaches from erosion. The stones were taken from the outer walls of the Old Melbourne Gaol and included the "headstones" of those executed and buried on the grounds. Most, including Kelly's, were placed with the engravings (initials and date of execution) facing inwards.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kelly_myth">Kelly myth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kelly myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg/220px-Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg/330px-Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg/440px-Ned_Kelly_letterbox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>A homemade letterbox in the style of Ned Kelly's armour, <a href="/wiki/Bullio,_New_South_Wales" title="Bullio, New South Wales">Bullio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_(New_South_Wales)" title="Southern Highlands (New South Wales)">Southern Highlands</a>, New South Wales</figcaption></figure>
<p>The myth surrounding Ned Kelly has become pervasive in Australian culture, and Kelly has become one of Australia's most recognised national symbols. Academic and folklorist Graham Seal writes:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[202]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ned Kelly has progressed from outlaw to national hero in a century, and to international icon in a further 20 years. The still-enigmatic, slightly saturnine and ever-ambivalent bushranger is the undisputed, if not universally admired, national symbol of Australia.</p></blockquote>
<p>Seal argues that Kelly's story taps into a number of myths including the <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> tradition of the outlaw hero and the myth of the <a href="/wiki/The_bush" title="The bush">Australian bush</a> as a place of freedom from oppressive authority. Kelly is often seen as the embodiment of characteristics thought to be typically Australian such as defying authority, siding with the underdog and fighting bravely for one's beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></sup> This view of Kelly was already evident in the aftermath of his death. In an 1881 review of a performance of a play about the Kelly gang, <i>Ostracised</i>, staged that year at Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Melbourne)" title="Princess Theatre (Melbourne)">Princess Theatre</a>, <i>The Australasian</i> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... judging from the way in which the applause was dealt out, it was pretty certain that the exploits of the outlaws excited admiration and prompted emulation. ... In short <i>Ostracised</i> will help to confirm the belief, in the young mind of Victoria, that the Kellys were martyrs and not sanguinary ruffians.</p></blockquote>
<p>According to Ian Jones, after Kelly's death, "a Robin Hood-like figure survived: good-looking, brave, a fine horseman and bushman and a crack shot, devoted to his mother and sisters, a man who treated all women with courtesy, who stole from the rich to give to the poor, who dressed himself in his enemy's uniform to outwit him. Most of all a man who stood against the police persecutors of his family and was driven to outlawry when he defended his sister against a drunken constable. Such was Ned Kelly the myth[.]"<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></sup> Seal states that Kelly was aware of the tradition of the bushranger-hero and attempted to live up to the myth. The Euroa and Jerilderie raids were partly public performances where the Kelly gang acted courteously to women, burned mortgage documents and entertained their hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the time Kelly was outlawed, bushranging was an anachronism. Australia was highly urbanised, the telegraph and the railway were rapidly connecting the bush to the city, and Kelly was already an icon for a romanticised past.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-208">[207]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-209">[208]</a></sup> For Seal, the failure of the Kelly gang to derail the train at Glenrowan was a symbol of the triumph of modern civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-208">[207]</a></sup> Macintyre states that Kelly turning agricultural equipment into defensive armour was an irresistible symbol of a passing era.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></sup> Seal concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... [T]he figure of Ned Kelly has led to the creation of a national image that bears some relation to the man himself—perhaps about the same resemblance as Ned Kelly's armour had to the plough mouldboards from which it was beaten. ... He is different things to different people—a murderer, an Australian Robin Hood, a <a href="/wiki/Social_banditry" title="Social banditry">social bandit</a>, a revolutionary leader, even a commercial commodity. But to most of us he is somehow essentially Australian.</p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ned_Kelly" title="Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly">Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/220px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/330px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/440px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>An actor playing Kelly in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film</figcaption></figure>
<p>Thanks to the telegraph, the siege at Glenrowan became a national and international media event. Songs, poems, popular entertainments, fiction, books, and newspaper and magazine articles about the Kelly gang proliferated in the decades after Kelly's death. By 1943 there were forty-two major published works about Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-212">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kelly has figured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australian cinema</a> since the 1906 release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a></i>, the world's first dramatic feature-length film.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></sup> Among those who have portrayed him on screen are <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> player <a href="/wiki/Bob_Chitty" title="Bob Chitty">Bob Chitty</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Glenrowan_Affair" title="The Glenrowan Affair">The Glenrowan Affair</a></i>, 1951), rock musician <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(1970_film)" title="Ned Kelly (1970 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i>, 1970), <a href="/wiki/John_Jarratt" title="John Jarratt">John Jarratt</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Outlaw_(miniseries)" title="The Last Outlaw (miniseries)">The Last Outlaw</a></i>, 1980), <a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)" title="Ned Kelly (2003 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i>, 2003) and <a href="/wiki/George_MacKay_(actor)" title="George MacKay (actor)">George MacKay</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang_(film)" title="True History of the Kelly Gang (film)">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i>, 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></sup> A comic film, <i><a href="/wiki/Reckless_Kelly" title="Reckless Kelly">Reckless Kelly</a></i> (1993), drew on the Kelly legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003260_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003260-215">[214]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the visual arts, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>'s 1946–47 Kelly series is considered "one of the greatest sequences of Australian painting of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></sup> His stylised depiction of Kelly's helmet has become an iconic Australian image. Hundreds of performers dressed as "Nolanesque Kellys" starred in the opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/2000_Sydney_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Sydney Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></sup>
</p><p>In literature, Douglas Stewart's verse drama <i>Ned Kelly</i> was first performed in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003456_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003456-219">[218]</a></sup> Robert Drewe's <i>Our Sunshine</i> (1991) is a fictionalised account of the Glenrowan siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003134_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003134-220">[219]</a></sup> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="True History of the Kelly Gang">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i>, written from Kelly's perspective, which resulted in the 2019 film of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_Awards" title="Ned Kelly Awards">Ned Kelly Awards</a> are Australia's premier prizes for crime fiction and true crime writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003359–60_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003359–60-222">[221]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first ballads about the Kelly gang were published in 1879 and it quickly became a popular genre.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-212">[211]</a></sup> In 1939 <a href="/wiki/Tex_Morton" title="Tex Morton">Tex Morton</a> recorded a country and western-style ballad about Kelly, and singers including <a href="/wiki/Slim_Dusty" title="Slim Dusty">Slim Dusty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Dawson" title="Smoky Dawson">Smoky Dawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Williams_(country_musician)" title="Buddy Williams (country musician)">Buddy Williams</a> followed.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a></sup> Non-Australian artists who have recorded songs about Kelly include <a href="/wiki/Waylon_Jennings" title="Waylon Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term "Kelly tourism" describes towns such as Glenrowan which sustain themselves economically "almost entirely through Ned's memory", while "Kellyana" refers to the collecting of Kelly memorabilia, merchandise, and other paraphernalia. The phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/such_is_life" class="extiw" title="wikt:such is life">such is life</a>", Kelly's probably apocryphal final words, has become an oft-quoted part of the legend. "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/as_game_as_Ned_Kelly" class="extiw" title="wikt:as game as Ned Kelly">As game as Ned Kelly</a>" is an expression for bravery,<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1974_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1974-226">[225]</a></sup> and the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ned Kelly beard">Ned Kelly beard</a>" is used to describe a trend in "<a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipster</a>" fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></sup> The rural districts of north-eastern Victoria are collectively known as "Kelly Country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally192915_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally192915-228">[227]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_over_political_legacy">Controversy over political legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Controversy over political legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png/170px-Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png/255px-Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png/340px-Melbourne_Punch_Communism.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>An 1879 political cartoon titled "Our Rulers", published in <i><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Punch" title="Melbourne Punch">Melbourne Punch</a></i>, depicts Kelly, Premier <a href="/wiki/Graham_Berry" title="Graham Berry">Graham Berry</a>, and a personification of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> dancing around the flag of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1969 <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Bandits_(book)" title="Bandits (book)">Bandits</a></i>, argued that Ned Kelly was in the tradition of the social bandit, a type of peasant outlaw and symbol of social rebellion with significant community support.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-209">[208]</a></sup> McQuilton expanded on the social bandit thesis, arguing that the Kelly outbreak should be seen in the context of deteriorating economic conditions in rural Victoria in the 1870s and a conflict over land between selectors (mostly small farmers) and squatters (mostly wealthier pastoralists who had initially acquired their runs by "squatting" on Crown land).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987-229">[228]</a></sup> Jones,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7">[6]</a></sup> Molony<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony2001_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2001-230">[229]</a></sup> and others argue that Kelly was a political rebel with considerable support among selectors and labourers in north-eastern Victoria. Jones claims that Kelly intended to derail the train at Glenrowan to incite a rebellion of disaffected selectors and declare a "Republic of North-eastern Victoria".<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a></sup>
</p><p>Others have disputed these claims. Morrissey argues that McQuilton and Jones have exaggerated the degree of economic distress and support for Kelly among local selectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201513–18,_151–56,_181–87_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201513–18,_151–56,_181–87-232">[231]</a></sup> Dawson argues that Kelly did not draw up a republican declaration or plan a political rebellion, writing: "there is no mention of any such document, plan or intention in any record of Kelly’s day, nor in the numerous interviews and memoirs of those connected with the gang, or its prisoners who listened to Kelly’s speeches while held up, nor in the work of early historians of the outbreak who knew the Kellys, their gang, their sympathisers, or the pursuing police."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson20181_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson20181-233">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>Seal states that Kelly proposed "a basic form of wealth redistribution" in his Jerilderie Letter, when the outlaw suggested that the wealthy squatters of the district should establish a charitable fund for the local poor, orphans and widows.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-234">[233]</a></sup> Morrissey sees the social justice element of the letter as a traditional call for the rich to help the poor with an additional argument that it is in their own interest to do so. While Kelly frequently complained of oppression by the police and squatters, and evoked historical Irish grievances against the English, his response was expressed in terms of a violent reckoning rather than a political program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015152–58_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015152–58-235">[234]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland">List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steph_Ryan" title="Steph Ryan">Steph Ryan</a>, the former member for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Euroa" title="Electoral district of Euroa">Euroa</a>, is a distant relative of Ned Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-dob-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dob_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dob_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dob_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of Kelly's birth is not known, and there is no record of his <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Kelly himself thought he was 28 years old when he was hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></sup> Evidence for a December 1854 birth is from a 1963 interview with family descendants Paddy and Charles Griffiths quoting Ned's brother Jim Kelly who said it was a family tradition that Ned's birth was "at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Eureka Stockade">Eureka Stockade</a>", which took place on 3 December 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2010p346-239">[238]</a></sup> In July 1870, Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, recorded Ned's age as 15½, which could easily refer to a December 1854 birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2010p346-239">[238]</a></sup> There is also a remark made by G. Wilson Brown, school inspector, in his notebook on 30 March 1865, where he noted that Ned Kelly was 10 years and 3 months old.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2010p346-239">[238]</a></sup> The only evidence given in support for Ned Kelly's birth being in June 1855 is from the death certificate of his father, John Kelly, who died on 27 December 1866. Ned Kelly's age is written as 11½.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerle1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Serle" title="Geoffrey Serle">Serle, Geoffrey</a> (1971). <i>The Rush to Be Rich: A History of the Colony of Victoria 1883–1889</i>. Melbourne University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84009-4"><bdi>978-0-522-84009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rush+to+Be+Rich%3A+A+History+of+the+Colony+of+Victoria+1883%E2%80%931889&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84009-4&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brear, Bea (9 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883">"Ned Kelly: freedom fighter or villain?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120051/https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/27883">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Left_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Left Weekly">Green Left Weekly</a></i>. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)" title="Martin Flanagan (journalist)">Flanagan, Martin</a> (30 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html">"Rebels who knew the end was coming, but stood up anyway"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520001417/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rebels-who-knew-the-end-was-coming-but-stood-up-anyway-20130329-2gz9t.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Age</i>. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 284.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony20016–7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony20016–7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolony2001">Molony 2001</a>, pp. 6–7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284–85-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003284–85_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 284–85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TA2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TA2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey1953" class="citation news cs1">Aubrey, Thomas (11 July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75734010">"The Real Story of Ned Kelly"</a>. <i>The Mirror</i>. Perth. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031430/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75734010">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+of+Ned+Kelly&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1953-07-11&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article75734010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003261-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003261_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003378-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003378_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 378.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003262–63-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003262–63_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 262–63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003286_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 286.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20102016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20102016_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Larry (11 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html">"Ned was a champ with a soft spot under his armour"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924194201/http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Ned-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour/2004/12/10/1102625538990.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Ned+was+a+champ+with+a+soft+spot+under+his+armour&rft.date=2004-12-11&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FNed-was-a-champ-with-a-soft-spot-under-his-armour%2F2004%2F12%2F10%2F1102625538990.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRennieSzego2001" class="citation news cs1">Rennie, Ann; Szego, Julie (1 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html">"Ned Kelly saved our drowning dad ... the softer side of old bucket head"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006002528/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/16/1032054751911.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly+saved+our+drowning+dad+...+the+softer+side+of+old+bucket+head&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Szego%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2002%2F09%2F16%2F1032054751911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003264-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003264_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 264.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones199526–31-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones199526–31_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1995">Jones 1995</a>, pp. 26–31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza201785–86-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza201785–86_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 85–86.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 51–56</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201235–37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201235–37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 35–37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 265.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons201381–82-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzSimons201381–82_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzSimons2013">FitzSimons 2013</a>, pp. 81–82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201537–38,_202-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201537–38,_202_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 37–38, 202.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003507-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003507_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 507.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265–66-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003265–66_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 265–66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017165-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017165_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 165.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003266-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003266_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 266.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003204-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003204_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 98–100.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 95–106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017201–04-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017201–04_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 201–04.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017205–08_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 205–08.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017208–10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017208–10_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 208–10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017210–13-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017210–13_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 210–13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ">"Edward Kelly Gives Statement of his Murders of Sargent Kennedy and Others, and Makes Other Threats"</a>. <i>Public Record Office Victoria</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831174059/https://publicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org/asset-viewer/edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats/HwH0x7bdF6Hjeg?l.expanded-id=ygHANi58baLARQ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Record+Office+Victoria&rft.atitle=Edward+Kelly+Gives+Statement+of+his+Murders+of+Sargent+Kennedy+and+Others%2C+and+Makes+Other+Threats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicrecordofficevictoria.culturalspot.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Fedward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats-edward-kelly-gives-statement-of-his-murders-of-sargeant-kennedy-and-others-and-makes-other-threats%2FHwH0x7bdF6Hjeg%3Fl.expanded-id%3DygHANi58baLARQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/202153563">"Interview with Ned Kelly"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 9 August 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Ned+Kelly&rft.date=1880-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F202153563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017217-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017217_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929Chapter_2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929Chapter_2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenneally1929">Kenneally 1929</a>, Chapter 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017215-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017215_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017214–15-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017214–15_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 214–15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1995115–18-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1995115–18_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1995">Jones 1995</a>, pp. 115–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Stuart (2015). "Redeeming Fitzpatrick: Ned Kelly and the Fitzpatrick Incident". <i>Eras Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 60–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eras+Journal&rft.atitle=Redeeming+Fitzpatrick%3A+Ned+Kelly+and+the+Fitzpatrick+Incident&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-91&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220–44-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220–44_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 220–44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017220_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 220.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003460–61-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003460–61_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 460–61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017259–60_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 259–60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201576-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201576_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, p. 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201270–73_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 70–73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995) p. 364.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 136.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201587-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201587_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, p. 87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003462-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003462_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 462.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201592-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201592_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, p. 92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201276–77-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201276–77_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 76–77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201269–73-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201269–73_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 69–73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Ned (2001). McDermott, Alex (ed.). <i>The Jerilderie Letter</i>. Melbourne: Text Publishing. pp. 42–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876485-89-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-876485-89-2"><bdi>1-876485-89-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jerilderie+Letter&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=42-63&rft.pub=Text+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-876485-89-2&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 132–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–28-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–28_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 216–28.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–228-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015216–228_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 216–228.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995) pp. 132, 134.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201569-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201569_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, p. 69.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 144, 146, 159–60.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:12-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEburn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Eburn, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZLawHisteJl/2005/6.pdf">"Outlawry in Colonial Australia, the Felons Apprehension Acts 1865–1899"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ANZLH e-Journal</i>. <b>25</b>: 80–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANZLH+e-Journal&rft.atitle=Outlawry+in+Colonial+Australia%2C+the+Felons+Apprehension+Acts+1865%E2%80%931899&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=80-93&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Eburn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FANZLawHisteJl%2F2005%2F6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 142–160.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017294–306-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017294–306_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 294–306.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 161–64.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995), pp. 165–67.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 167–68.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017320-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017320_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 320.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 176–77.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 172.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017311–15,_324,_330–31-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017311–15,_324,_330–31_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 311–15, 324, 330–31.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield200391–95-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield200391–95_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 91–95.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987114-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987114_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, p. 114.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201820–21-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201820–21_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, pp. 20–21.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201821-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201821_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 21.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 178.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201821–22-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201821–22_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, pp. 21–22.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 173–74, 179–80.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017326–28,_334,_338-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017326–28,_334,_338_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 326–28, 334, 338.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 182.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 181–82.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 183–85.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017346-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017346_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 346.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 186.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017347–49-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017347–49_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 347–49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017352–56-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017352–56_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 352–56.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017356–62-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017356–62_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 356–62.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 194.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-conv-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conv_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conv_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelder, Ken (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898">"The case for Ned Kelly's Jerilderie Letter"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141310/http://theconversation.com/the-case-for-ned-kellys-jerilderie-letter-25898">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-gelderweaver-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelderweaver_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelder, Ken; Weaver, Rachael (2017). <i>Colonial Australian Fiction: Character Types, Social Formations and the Colonial Economy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_University_Press" title="Sydney University Press">Sydney University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-461-5">978-1-74332-461-5</a>, pp. 57–58.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2001136–137-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony2001136–137_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolony2001">Molony 2001</a>, pp. 136–137.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2012xxviii-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2012xxviii_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2012">Kelly 2012</a>, p. xxviii.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-barkham-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkham_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barkham, Patrick (4 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham">"Ned Kelly's Last Testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204735/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/04/worlddispatch.patrickbarkham">Archived</a> 19 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-farrell-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farrell_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, Michael (2015). <i>Writing Australian Unsettlement: Modes of Poetic Invention, 1796–1945</i>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-46541-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-46541-2">978-1-137-46541-2</a>, p. 17.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlaneScott2014" class="citation journal cs1">MacFarlane, Ian; Scott, Russ (2014). "Ned Kelly – Stock Thief, Bank Robber, Murderer – Psychopath". <i>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law</i>. <b>21</b> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry%2C+Psychology+and+Law&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly+%E2%80%93+Stock+Thief%2C+Bank+Robber%2C+Murderer+%E2%80%93+Psychopath&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Scott%2C+Russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodcock, Bruce (2003). <i>Peter Carey</i>. Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6798-3">978-0-7190-6798-3</a>, p. 139.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200288-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal200288_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeal2002">Seal 2002</a>, p. 88.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peter. C.. (2015). <i>The Clarke Gang: Outlawed, Outcast and Forgotten</i>. Rosenberg Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925078-66-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925078-66-4">978-1-925078-66-4</a>, endnotes.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929105-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally1929105_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenneally1929">Kenneally 1929</a>, p. 105.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017368–78-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017368–78_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 368–78.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987121–23-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987121–23_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, pp. 121–23.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:22-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article150420895">"Massacre of Blacks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geelong_Advertiser" title="Geelong Advertiser">Geelong Advertiser</a></i>. No. 9, 875. Victoria, Australia. 10 March 1879. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709210423/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/150420895">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Massacre+of+Blacks&rft.issue=9%2C+875&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1879-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article150420895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 203–04, 222.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 226, 243–44.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 207–10.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015151–52-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015151–52_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 151–52.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 208–09.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017384–86-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017384–86_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 384–86.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001128-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001128_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsonMcQuilton2001">Kelson & McQuilton 2001</a>, p. 128.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 205.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 206</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017373,_377-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017373,_377_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 373, 377.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1970193-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1970193_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarwell1970">Farwell 1970</a>, p. 193.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:7-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 230–31.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984152-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984152_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMenomy1984">McMenomy 1984</a>, p. 152.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987156_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, p. 156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015121-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015121_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, p. 121.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-seal2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seal2_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (1996). <i>The Outlaw Legend: A Cultural Tradition in Britain, America and Australia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55740-5">978-0-521-55740-5</a>, p. 159.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201844-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201844_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987158-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987158_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, p. 158.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 243–45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 245–49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201864-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201864_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 249–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane20121-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane20121_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 251–52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015234–35-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015234–35_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 234–35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201834–35-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201834–35_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, pp. 34–35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201836-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201836_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987161-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987161_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, p. 161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201837-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201837_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987160,_163-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987160,_163_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, pp. 160, 163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201835–38-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201835–38_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 35–38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017412–13-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017412–13_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 412–13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 414.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 259–62, 382.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414–18-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017414–18_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 414–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 383.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201225–26-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201225–26_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 25–26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 265.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, p. 162.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984163-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMenomy1984163_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMenomy1984">McMenomy 1984</a>, p. 163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162–63-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987162–63_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>, pp. 162–63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201223_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201227–29-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane201227–29_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, pp. 27–29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001147-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsonMcQuilton2001147_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsonMcQuilton2001">Kelson & McQuilton 2001</a>, p. 147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015134,_138-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015134,_138_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 134, 138.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). pp. 274, 280, 282.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick2014-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick2014_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick2014_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormick2014">Cormick 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005180-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005180_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastles2005">Castles 2005</a>, p. 180.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005179,_183,_185-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005179,_183,_185_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastles2005">Castles 2005</a>, pp. 179, 183, 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005191–94-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005191–94_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastles2005">Castles 2005</a>, pp. 191–94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1969" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Peter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barry-sir-redmond-2946">"Barry, Sir Redmond (1813–1880)"</a>. <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.atitle=Barry%2C+Sir+Redmond+%281813%E2%80%931880%29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fbarry-sir-redmond-2946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017460-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017460_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 460.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017461–63-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017461–63_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 461–63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 320.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastles2005213–14-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastles2005213–14_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastles2005">Castles 2005</a>, pp. 213–14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1995). p. 321.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormick20148-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormick20148_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormick2014">Cormick 2014</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-THE_EXECUTION_OF_EDWARD_KELLY-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THE_EXECUTION_OF_EDWARD_KELLY_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5982177">"The Execution of Edward Kelly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i>. Melbourne. 12 November 1880. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031548/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5982177">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=The+Execution+of+Edward+Kelly&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1880-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article5982177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017479_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, p. 479.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8">Past Patterns, Future Directions: Victoria Police and the Problems of Corruption and Serious Misconduct</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419074108/http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/reports/opi-report/past-patterns-future-directions---feb-2007.pdf?sfvrsn=8">Archived</a> 19 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Police_Integrity" title="Office of Police Integrity">Office of Police Integrity</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757991-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757991-0-9">978-0-9757991-0-9</a>. pp. 19–20.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieza2017478–79-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieza2017478–79_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieza2017">Kieza 2017</a>, pp. 478–79.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Ian (1995). <i>Ned Kelly, a short life</i>. Port Melbourne: Lothian Books. pp. 325, 332–33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85091-631-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85091-631-3">0-85091-631-3</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 326–27</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201848-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201848_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 331–32</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson201849–50-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson201849–50_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, pp. 49–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane2012207-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfarlane2012207_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane2012">Macfarlane 2012</a>, p. 207.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 333–34</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16076308">"Bushranger's Mother"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 29 March 1923. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Bushranger%27s+Mother&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1923-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article16076308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71238643">"DEEMING'S GEAVE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Town_and_Country_Journal" title="Australian Town and Country Journal">Australian Town and Country Journal (NSW : 1870–1907)</a></i>. NSW. 28 May 1892. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71238643">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Town+and+Country+Journal+%28NSW+%3A+1870%E2%80%931907%29&rft.atitle=DEEMING%27S+GEAVE.&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1892-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article71238643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3150874">"OUR MELBOURNE LETTER"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Territory_Times" title="The Northern Territory Times">Northern Territory Times and Gazette (Darwin, NT : 1873–1927)</a></i>. Darwin, NT. 14 May 1881. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3150874">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Territory+Times+and+Gazette+%28Darwin%2C+NT+%3A+1873%E2%80%931927%29&rft.atitle=OUR+MELBOURNE+LETTER.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1881-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article3150874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Head-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Head_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_185-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_185-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_185-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead">Ned's Head</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926193647/http://www.sbs.com.au/documentary/program/nedshead">Archived</a> 26 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/SBS_One" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS One">SBS One</a> Documentary: The scientific investigation and DNA testing of Kelly's skeletal remains 4 September 2011</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21366334">"Ned Kelly's Grave"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brisbane Courier">The Brisbane Courier</a></i>. 14 January 1929. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brisbane+Courier&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly%27s+Grave&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1929-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article21366334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3998574">"NED KELLY'S GRAVE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i>. Melbourne. 13 April 1929. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031532/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3998574">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=NED+KELLY%27S+GRAVE.&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1929-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article3998574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66218475">"DISHONORED DEAD"</a>. <i>Oakleigh Leader</i>. North Brighton, Vic. 22 December 1894. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakleigh+Leader&rft.atitle=DISHONORED+DEAD.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1894-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article66218475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65505208">"Ned's Skull is Now Locked Up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Benalla_Ensign" title="Benalla Ensign">Benalla Ensign</a></i>. Vic. 8 January 1953. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031534/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/65505208">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Benalla+Ensign&rft.atitle=Ned%27s+Skull+is+Now+Locked+Up.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1953-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article65505208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110928966">"Ned Kelly's skull stolen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 13 December 1978. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031603/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110928966">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly%27s+skull+stolen.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1978-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article110928966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStanding2008" class="citation news cs1">Standing, Jonathan (9 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309">"Grave of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly said found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109224747/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSSYD14597520080309">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grave+of+Australian+outlaw+Ned+Kelly+said+found&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft.aulast=Standing&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FnewsOne%2FidUSSYD14597520080309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 10 March 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130315308">"GHOULISH SCRAMBLE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Richmond_River_Express_and_Casino_Kyogle_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser">The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser</a></i>. NSW. 17 April 1929. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710031609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/130315308">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Richmond+River+Express+and+Casino+Kyogle+Advertiser&rft.atitle=GHOULISH+SCRAMBLE.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1929-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article130315308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2004" class="citation news cs1">Zinn, Christopher (8 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040905170843/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm">"Ned's Head"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/rewind/txt/s1168553.htm">the original</a> on 5 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ned%27s+Head&rft.date=2004-08-08&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Frewind%2Ftxt%2Fs1168553.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/">"VIFM Media Release – Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227000228/http://www.vifm.org/education-and-research/the-ned-kelly-project/vifm-media-release/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VIFM+Media+Release+%E2%80%93+Victorian+Institute+of+Forensic+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vifm.org%2Feducation-and-research%2Fthe-ned-kelly-project%2Fvifm-media-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCormick,_Craig2014" class="citation book cs1">Cormick, Craig, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm"><i>Ned Kelly</i></a>. CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0176-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0176-8"><bdi>978-1-4863-0176-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008182730/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7287.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4863-0176-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fpid%2F7287.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html">"Frederick Deeming: Australia's first serial killer"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 17 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004180128/http://www.theage.com.au/good-weekend/frederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Frederick+Deeming%3A+Australia%27s+first+serial+killer&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fgood-weekend%2Ffrederick-deeming-australias-first-serial-killer-20141003-10ict8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WSJ2Sep2011-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2Sep2011_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2011" class="citation news cs1">Curran, Enda (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj">"Scientists Nab an Australian Outlaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. p. A6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831131934/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458?mod=googlenews_wsj">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientists+Nab+an+Australian+Outlaw&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Enda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111904716604576544123240961458%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span> (Article on the web is slightly different from the print edition.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenneally2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kenneally" title="Christine Kenneally">Kenneally, Christine</a> (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html">"A Hero's Legend and a Stolen Skull Rustle Up a DNA Drama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070007/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/science/06kelly.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Hero%27s+Legend+and+a+Stolen+Skull+Rustle+Up+a+DNA+Drama&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Fscience%2F06kelly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i> magazine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/">"Outlaw Ned Kelly's Remains Given to Family – 132 Years After His Death", 6 August 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810204555/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/08/06/outlaw-ned-kellys-remains-given-to-family-132-years-after-his-death/">Archived</a> 10 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 13 August 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html">"Ned Kelly laid to rest"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 20 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123074952/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Ned+Kelly+laid+to+rest&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fvictoria%2Fned-kelly-laid-to-rest-20130120-2d0ws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm">Bluestone Seawall (stories in the stones)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023180428/http://www.bayside.vic.gov.au/walksandtrails_historytrail_bluestoneseawall.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bayside" title="City of Bayside">Bayside City council</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (2011). <i>Outlaw Heroes in Myth and History</i>. Anthem Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-792-2">978-0-85728-792-2</a>. pp. 99–100.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeal1980" class="citation book cs1">Seal, Graham (1980). <i>Ned Kelly in Popular Tradition</i>. Melbourne: Hyland House. pp. 16, 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908090-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-908090-32-3"><bdi>0-908090-32-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly+in+Popular+Tradition&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=16%2C+28&rft.pub=Hyland+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-908090-32-3&rft.aulast=Seal&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Review dated 13 August 1881, in Stephen Torre, ed., <i>The Macquarie Dictionary of Australian Quotations</i>, 1990, Plays and Playwrights, p. 307</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJones1995" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ian (1995). <i>Ned Kelly, a short life</i>. Port Melbourne: Lothian Books. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85091-631-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85091-631-3"><bdi>0-85091-631-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%2C+a+short+life&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Lothian+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85091-631-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (2011). pp. 125–26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 16–17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawn1969" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawn, E. J. (1969). <i>Bandits</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 112–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandits&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112-13&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hobsbawn&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcintyre2020" class="citation book cs1">Mcintyre, Stuart (2020). <i>A Concise History of Australia</i> (Fifth ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-72848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-72848-5"><bdi>978-1-108-72848-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.pages=107-08&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-72848-5&rft.aulast=Mcintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 174–75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (1980). pp. 19, 130–64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand, Ina; D. Routt, William (2007). <i>The Picture that Will Live Forever: The Story of the Kelly Gang</i>. Australian Teachers and Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-16-6">978-1-876467-16-6</a>, pp. 3–19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groves, Don (9 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/">"How many Ned Kelly movies are too many?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043737/https://www.if.com.au/many-ned-kelly-movies-many/">Archived</a> 17 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/If_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="If Magazine">If Magazine</a></i>. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003260-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003260_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 260.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926">Ned Kelly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602083432/http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28926">Archived</a> 2 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures">"Sidney Nolan's Ned Kelly – in pictures"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 13 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812212851/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/aug/13/sidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sidney+Nolan%27s+Ned+Kelly+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fgallery%2F2018%2Faug%2F13%2Fsidney-nolans-ned-kelly-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Innes" title="Lyn Innes">Innes, Lyn</a> (2008). <i>Ned Kelly: Icon of Modern Culture</i>. Helm Information Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903206-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903206-16-4">978-1-903206-16-4</a>, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003456-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003456_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 456.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003134-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003134_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, p. 134.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHans2020" class="citation web cs1">Hans, Simran (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/01/true-history-of-kelly-gang-review">"True History of the Kelly Gang review – rock'n'roll makeover of an Aussie outlaw"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=True+History+of+the+Kelly+Gang+review+%E2%80%93+rock%27n%27roll+makeover+of+an+Aussie+outlaw&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Simran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2020%2Fmar%2F01%2Ftrue-history-of-kelly-gang-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfield2003359–60-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfield2003359–60_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorfield2003">Corfield 2003</a>, pp. 359–60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (1980). p. 151</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/ned-kelly-original-score-mw0000865387">"Ned Kelly (original score)"</a>. AllMusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly+%28original+score%29&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fned-kelly-original-score-mw0000865387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-man-in-black-mw0000885026">"Johnny Cash, A Man in Black (1971)"</a>. AllMusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+Cash%2C+A+Man+in+Black+%281971%29&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fa-man-in-black-mw0000885026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Barry_1974-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1974_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarry,_John_V.1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barry, John V. (1974). "Edward (Ned) Kelly (1855–1880)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm"><i>Kelly, Edward (Ned) (1855–1880)</i></a>. <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i>. Vol. 5. Melbourne University Press. pp. 6–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122238/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050009b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kelly%2C+Edward+%28Ned%29+%281855%E2%80%931880%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Barry%2C+John+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA050009b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ozwords.org/?p=6939">"Australian National Dictionary Centre's Word of the Year 2014"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215085836/http://ozwords.org/?p=6939">Archived</a> 15 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ozwords. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneally192915-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneally192915_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenneally1929">Kenneally 1929</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuilton1987_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcQuilton1987">McQuilton 1987</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2001-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolony2001_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolony2001">Molony 2001</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Ian (1995). pp. 213, 220–25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201513–18,_151–56,_181–87-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey201513–18,_151–56,_181–87_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 13–18, 151–56, 181–87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson20181-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson20181_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2018">Dawson 2018</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham (2011) pp. 110–11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015152–58-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2015152–58_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2015">Morrissey 2015</a>, pp. 152–58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGray2014" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Darren (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/such-is-life-for-candidate-20140516-38frd.html">"Such is life for candidate"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Such+is+life+for+candidate&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fsuch-is-life-for-candidate-20140516-38frd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGray2014" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Darren (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/new-nationals-mp-stephanie-ryan-breaks-the-country-partys-mould-20141203-11z7qj.html">"New Nationals MP Stephanie Ryan breaks the country party's mould"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=New+Nationals+MP+Stephanie+Ryan+breaks+the+country+party%27s+mould&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fnew-nationals-mp-stephanie-ryan-breaks-the-country-partys-mould-20141203-11z7qj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196695949">"Arrival of Ned Kelly in Melbourne"</a>. <i>Trove</i>. 3 July 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>Look across there to the left. Do you see a little hill there?" Walsh replied that he did, and the outlaw continued, "That is where I was born, about twenty-eight years ago."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=Arrival+of+Ned+Kelly+in+Melbourne.&rft.date=1880-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F196695949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jones2010p346-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2010p346_239-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 346</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><b>Non-fiction</b>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaronWhite2004" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Angeline; White, David (2004). <i>Blood in the Dust: Inside the Minds of Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne</i>. Network Creative Services Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9580162-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9580162-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9580162-5-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+in+the+Dust%3A+Inside+the+Minds+of+Ned+Kelly+and+Joe+Byrne&rft.pub=Network+Creative+Services+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9580162-5-4&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Angeline&rft.au=White%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2012" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Laura (2012). <i>Ned Kelly as Memory Dispositif: Media, Time, Power, and the Development of Australian Identities</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028879-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly+as+Memory+Dispositif%3A+Media%2C+Time%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Development+of+Australian+Identities&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028879-7&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Brown_(novelist)" title="Max Brown (novelist)">Brown, Max</a> (2005). <i>Australian Son: The Story of Ned Kelly</i>. Network Creative Services Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9580162-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9580162-6-1"><bdi>978-0-9580162-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Son%3A+The+Story+of+Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=Network+Creative+Services+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9580162-6-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCastles2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Castles" title="Alex Castles">Castles, Alex C.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nedkellyslastday0000cast"><i>Ned Kelly's Last Days: Setting the Record Straight on the Death of an Outlaw</i></a></span>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74115-914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74115-914-1"><bdi>978-1-74115-914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%27s+Last+Days%3A+Setting+the+Record+Straight+on+the+Death+of+an+Outlaw&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74115-914-1&rft.aulast=Castles&rft.aufirst=Alex+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnedkellyslastday0000cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2003). <i>The Ned Kelly Encyclopaedia</i>. Lothian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7344-0596-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7344-0596-0"><bdi>0-7344-0596-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ned+Kelly+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Lothian+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7344-0596-0&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCormick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cormick" title="Craig Cormick">Cormick, Craig</a> (2014). <i>Ned Kelly: Under the Microscope</i>. CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4863-0178-2"><bdi>978-1-4863-0178-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+Under+the+Microscope&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4863-0178-2&rft.aulast=Cormick&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2018" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Stuart (2018). <i>Ned Kelly and the Myth of a Republic of North-Eastern Victoria</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64316-500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64316-500-4"><bdi>978-1-64316-500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly+and+the+Myth+of+a+Republic+of+North-Eastern+Victoria&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-64316-500-4&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Dunstan" title="Keith Dunstan">Dunstan, Keith</a> (1980). <i>Saint Ned: The Story of the Near Sanctification of an Australian Outlaw</i>. Methuen Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-454-00198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-454-00198-3"><bdi>978-0-454-00198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Ned%3A+The+Story+of+the+Near+Sanctification+of+an+Australian+Outlaw&rft.pub=Methuen+Australia&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-454-00198-3&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Farwell" title="George Farwell">Farwell, George</a> (1970). <i>Ned Kelly: The Life and Adventures of Australia's Notorious Bushranger</i>. Cheshire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7015-1319-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7015-1319-1"><bdi>978-0-7015-1319-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+The+Life+and+Adventures+of+Australia%27s+Notorious+Bushranger&rft.pub=Cheshire&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7015-1319-1&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFitzSimons2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons" title="Peter FitzSimons">FitzSimons, Peter</a> (2013). <i>Ned Kelly</i>. Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74275-890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74275-890-9"><bdi>978-1-74275-890-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74275-890-9&rft.aulast=FitzSimons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Jones_(author)" title="Ian Jones (author)">Jones, Ian</a> (2010). <i>Ned Kelly: A Short Life</i>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-2579-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-2579-4"><bdi>978-0-7336-2579-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+A+Short+Life&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7336-2579-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Ned (2012). McDermott, Alex (ed.). <i>The Jerilderie Letter: Text Classics</i>. Text Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921922-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921922-33-6"><bdi>978-1-921922-33-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jerilderie+Letter%3A+Text+Classics&rft.pub=Text+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-921922-33-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelsonMcQuilton2001" class="citation book cs1">Kelson, Brendon; McQuilton, John (2001). <i>Kelly Country: A Photographic Journey</i>. University of Queensland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3273-2"><bdi>978-0-7022-3273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kelly+Country%3A+A+Photographic+Journey&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7022-3273-2&rft.aulast=Kelson&rft.aufirst=Brendon&rft.au=McQuilton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenneally1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Kenneally" title="J. J. Kenneally">Kenneally, J.J.</a> (1929). <i>Inner History of the Kelly Gang</i>. Dandenong, Victoria: The Kelly Gang Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+History+of+the+Kelly+Gang&rft.place=Dandenong%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=The+Kelly+Gang+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKieza2017" class="citation book cs1">Kieza, Grantlee (2017). <i>Mrs Kelly</i>. HarperCollins Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74309-717-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74309-717-5"><bdi>978-1-74309-717-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs+Kelly&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Australia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-74309-717-5&rft.aulast=Kieza&rft.aufirst=Grantlee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane2012" class="citation book cs1">Macfarlane, Ian (2012). <i>The Kelly Gang Unmasked</i>. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551966-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kelly+Gang+Unmasked&rft.place=South+Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551966-2&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcMenomy1984" class="citation book cs1">McMenomy, Keith (1984). <i>Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated History</i>. C. O. Ross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85902-122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85902-122-7"><bdi>978-0-85902-122-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+The+Authentic+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=C.+O.+Ross&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85902-122-7&rft.aulast=McMenomy&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuilton1987" class="citation book cs1">McQuilton, John (1987). <i>The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880</i>. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84332-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84332-8"><bdi>0-522-84332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kelly+Outbreak%2C+1878%E2%80%931880&rft.place=Carlton&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-522-84332-8&rft.aulast=McQuilton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMeredithScott1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meredith_(folklorist)" title="John Meredith (folklorist)">Meredith, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Scott_(author)" title="Bill Scott (author)">Scott, Bill</a> (1980). <i>Ned Kelly: After a Century of Acrimony</i>. Lansdowne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-1470-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-1470-0"><bdi>978-0-7018-1470-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%3A+After+a+Century+of+Acrimony&rft.pub=Lansdowne+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7018-1470-0&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Scott%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMolony2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Molony" title="John Molony">Molony, John</a> (2001). <i>Ned Kelly</i>. Melbourne University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85013-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85013-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85013-0&rft.aulast=Molony&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorrissey2015" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Doug (2015). <i>Ned Kelly, a Lawless Life</i>. Ballarat: Connor Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925138-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925138-48-1"><bdi>978-1-925138-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly%2C+a+Lawless+Life&rft.place=Ballarat&rft.pub=Connor+Court&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-925138-48-1&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeal2002" class="citation book cs1">Seal, Graham (2002). <i>Tell 'em I Died Game: The Legend of Ned Kelly</i>. Hyland House Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-047-5"><bdi>978-1-86447-047-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tell+%27em+I+Died+Game%3A+The+Legend+of+Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=Hyland+House+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86447-047-5&rft.aulast=Seal&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2012" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Paul (2012). <i>The True Story of Ned Kelly's Last Stand</i>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76011-087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76011-087-1"><bdi>978-1-76011-087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Story+of+Ned+Kelly%27s+Last+Stand&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-76011-087-1&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p><b>Fiction</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Carey, Peter</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="True History of the Kelly Gang"><i>True History of the Kelly Gang</i></a>. Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74274-895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74274-895-5"><bdi>978-1-74274-895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+History+of+the+Kelly+Gang&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74274-895-5&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Masson" title="Sophie Masson">Masson, Sophie</a> (2010). <i>My Australian Story: The Hunt for Ned Kelly</i>. Scholastic Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921990-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921990-72-4"><bdi>978-1-921990-72-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Australian+Story%3A+The+Hunt+for+Ned+Kelly&rft.pub=Scholastic+Australia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-921990-72-4&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDrewe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drewe" title="Robert Drewe">Drewe, Robert</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunshine" title="Our Sunshine"><i>Our Sunshine</i></a>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-320476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-320476-3"><bdi>978-0-14-320476-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Sunshine&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-320476-3&rft.aulast=Drewe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas, Keneally</a> (1981). <i>Ned Kelly and the City of the Bees</i>. D.R. Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-022-2"><bdi>978-1-56792-022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ned+Kelly+and+the+City+of+the+Bees&rft.pub=D.R.+Godine&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-56792-022-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keneally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANed+Kelly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ned_Kelly&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ned_Kelly" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a></span>.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Kelly_(1854-1880)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward Kelly (1854-1880)">Ned Kelly</a></i></b></div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ned_Kelly" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly_Tourism#Q301816" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ned Kelly Tourism">Ned Kelly Tourism</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-635784">Kelly, Ned (1855–1880)</a> National Library of Australia, <i>Trove, People and Organisation record</i> for Ned Kelly</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/collection/highlights/ned-kelly">The Kelly collection, including John Hanlon's transcript of the Jerilderie letter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/explore-topic/ned-kelly-historical-collection">Ned Kelly Historical Collection, Public Records Office of Victoria</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/ned-kelly/">Culture Victoria – historical images and video interview with Peter Carey about his novel "True History of the Kelly Gang"</a></li>
<li>Library resources <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=47572730">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=47572730&library=0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> about Ned Kelly</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kelly%2C%20Ned%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ned%20Kelly%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kelly%2C%20Ned%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ned%20Kelly%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ned%20Kelly%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kelly%2C%20Ned%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ned%20Kelly%22%29%20OR%20%28%221854-1880%22%20AND%20Kelly%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ned Kelly</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2416">Works by Ned Kelly</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul>
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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ned_Kelly" title="Template talk:Ned Kelly"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ned_Kelly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ned Kelly"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ned_Kelly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ned Kelly</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelly Gang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrne" title="Joe Byrne">Joe Byrne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hart" title="Steve Hart">Steve Hart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(bushranger)" title="Dan Kelly (bushranger)">Dan Kelly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Kelly_(sister_of_Ned_Kelly)" title="Kate Kelly (sister of Ned Kelly)">Kate Kelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lloyd_(bushranger)" title="Tom Lloyd (bushranger)">Tom Lloyd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Power" title="Harry Power">Harry Power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sherritt" title="Aaron Sherritt">Aaron Sherritt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmond_Barry" title="Redmond Barry">Redmond Barry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edward_Ward" title="Michael Edward Ward">Michael Edward Ward</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kelly on 10 November 1880, the day before his execution"><img alt="Kelly on 10 November 1880, the day before his execution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/100px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/150px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png/200px-Ned_Kelly_in_1880.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ned_Kelly" title="Cultural depictions of Ned Kelly">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catching_the_Kellys" title="Catching the Kellys">Catching the Kellys</a></i> (1879)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kelly_Gang_(play)" title="The Kelly Gang (play)">The Kelly Gang</a></i> (1899)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hands_Up_(play)" title="Hands Up (play)">Hands Up</a></i> (1900)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(play)#Stage_play" title="Ned Kelly (play)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing_for_St._Ned" title="Sing for St. Ned">Sing for St. Ned</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(musical)" title="Ned Kelly (musical)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_(play)" title="Kelly (play)">Kelly</a></i> (2012)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (1906)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kelly_Gang" title="The Kelly Gang">The Kelly Gang</a></i> (1920)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Kellys_Were_Out" title="When the Kellys Were Out">When the Kellys Were Out</a></i> (1922)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Kellys_Rode" title="When the Kellys Rode">When the Kellys Rode</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glenrowan_Affair" title="The Glenrowan Affair">The Glenrowan Affair</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(1970_film)" title="Ned Kelly (1970 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1970)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Reckless_Kelly" title="Reckless Kelly">Reckless Kelly</a></i> (1993)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)" title="Ned Kelly (2003 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_(film)" title="Ned (film)">Ned</a></i> (2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang_(film)" title="True History of the Kelly Gang (film)">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(play)" title="Ned Kelly (play)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Outlaw_(BBC_radio_serial)" title="The Last Outlaw (BBC radio serial)">The Last Outlaw</a></i> (1963)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First-class_Marksman_(painting)" title="First-class Marksman (painting)">First-class Marksman</a></i> (1946)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(painting)" title="The Trial (painting)">The Trial</a></i> (1947)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>'<i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(television_play)" title="Ned Kelly (television play)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1959)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballad_for_One_Gun" title="Ballad for One Gun">Ballad for One Gun</a></i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ned_Kelly" title="Trial of Ned Kelly">Trial of Ned Kelly</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Outlaw_(miniseries)" title="The Last Outlaw (miniseries)">The Last Outlaw</a></i> (1980)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(soundtrack)" title="Ned Kelly (soundtrack)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1970 soundtrack album)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(musical)#Development_and_concept_album" title="Ned Kelly (musical)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1974 rock opera)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Sunshine" title="Our Sunshine">Our Sunshine</a></i> (1991)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="True History of the Kelly Gang">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (2001)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eponymous items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grevillea_%27Mason%27s_Hybrid%27" title="Grevillea 'Mason's Hybrid'"><i>Grevillea</i> 'Ned Kelly'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_Awards" title="Ned Kelly Awards">Ned Kelly Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_beard" title="Ned Kelly beard">Ned Kelly beard</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">Armour of the Kelly gang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Letter" title="Jerilderie Letter">Jerilderie Letter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bushrangers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bushrangers" title="Template:Bushrangers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bushrangers" title="Template talk:Bushrangers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bushrangers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bushrangers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bushrangers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1810s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1820s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donahue" title="Jack Donahue">Jack Donahue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jeffrey" title="Thomas Jeffrey">Thomas Jeffrey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Musquito" title="Musquito">Musquito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tennant_(bushranger)" title="John Tennant (bushranger)">John Tennant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Davis_(bushranger)" title="Edward Davis (bushranger)">Edward Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Rammer" title="Jack the Rammer">Jack the Rammer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathurst rebellion">Ribbon Gang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones_(bushranger)" title="George Jones (bushranger)">George Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Priest" title="Daniel Priest">Daniel Priest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_(bushranger)" title="John Francis (bushranger)">John Francis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_(bushranger)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Francis (bushranger)">George Francis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beresford_Garrett" title="Henry Beresford Garrett">Henry Garrett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McCallum" title="Frank McCallum">Frank McCallum (Captain Melville)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Melville_(bushranger)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Melville (bushranger)">George Melville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_Road_robberies" title="St Kilda Road robberies">St Kilda Road robberies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Suffolk" title="Owen Suffolk">Owen Suffolk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_%22Rocky%22_Whelan" class="mw-redirect" title="John "Rocky" Whelan">John "Rocky" Whelan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap_(bushranger)" title="Bluecap (bushranger)">Bluecap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bugg" title="Mary Ann Bugg">Mary Ann Bugg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_brothers" title="Clarke brothers">Clarke brothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Cummins_(bushranger)" title="Larry Cummins (bushranger)">Larry Cummins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Daley" title="Patrick Daley">Patrick Daley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunn_(bushranger)" title="John Dunn (bushranger)">John Dunn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Foley_(bushranger)" title="John Foley (bushranger)">John Foley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gardiner" title="Frank Gardiner">Frank Gardiner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gardiner%E2%80%93Ben_Hall_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Gardiner–Ben Hall gang">Frank Gardiner–Ben Hall gang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(bushranger)" title="John Gilbert (bushranger)">John Gilbert</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_(bushranger)" title="Ben Hall (bushranger)">Ben Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerney" title="John Kerney">John Kerney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lowry" title="Fred Lowry">Fred Lowry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Alpin_McPherson" title="James Alpin McPherson">James Alpin McPherson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Morgan_(bushranger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Morgan (bushranger)">Dan Morgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Meally" title="John O'Meally">John O'Meally</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Palmer_(bushranger)" title="George Palmer (bushranger)">George Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pearson" title="Frank Pearson">Frank Pearson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Peisley_(bushranger)" title="John Peisley (bushranger)">John Peisley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Poo" title="Sam Poo">Sam Poo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Power" title="Harry Power">Harry Power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt" title="Captain Thunderbolt">Captain Thunderbolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Vane_(bushranger)" title="John Vane (bushranger)">John Vane</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870s–1880s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrne" title="Joe Byrne">Joe Byrne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hart" title="Steve Hart">Steve Hart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(bushranger)" title="Dan Kelly (bushranger)">Dan Kelly</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ned Kelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Moonlite" title="Captain Moonlite">Captain Moonlite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Starlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Starlight">Captain Starlight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sherritt" title="Aaron Sherritt">Aaron Sherritt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Peggotty" title="John Francis Peggotty">John Francis Peggotty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Governor" title="Jimmy Governor">Jimmy Governor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kenniff" title="Patrick Kenniff">Patrick Kenniff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Hickman" title="Jessie Hickman">Jessie Hickman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Streets_of_Forbes" title="Streets of Forbes">Streets of Forbes</a>" (ca. 1865)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Colonial_Boy" title="The Wild Colonial Boy">The Wild Colonial Boy</a>" (ca. 1830)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>" (ca. 1820s)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushranging_in_North_Queensland" title="Bushranging in North Queensland">Bushranging in North Queensland</a></i> (1904)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (1906)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(1907_MacMahon_film)" title="Robbery Under Arms (1907 MacMahon film)">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (by Charles MacMahon) (1907)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(1907_Tait_film)" title="Robbery Under Arms (1907 Tait film)">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (by J and N Tait) (1907)</li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Who_Joined_the_Bushrangers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Girl Who Joined the Bushrangers (page does not exist)">The Girl Who Joined the Bushrangers</a></i> (1909)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_John_Vane,_the_Notorious_Australian_Bushranger" title="The Life and Adventures of John Vane, the Notorious Australian Bushranger">The Life and Adventures of John Vane, the Notorious Australian Bushranger</a></i> (1910)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonlite" title="Moonlite">Moonlite</a></i> (1910)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(1910_film)" title="Thunderbolt (1910 film)">Thunderbolt</a></i> (1910)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Gold_Escort" title="Attack on the Gold Escort">Attack on the Gold Escort</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_the_Australian_Bush" title="A Tale of the Australian Bush">A Tale of the Australian Bush</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_and_His_Gang" title="Ben Hall and His Gang">Ben Hall and His Gang</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushranger%27s_Ransom,_or_A_Ride_for_Life" title="Bushranger's Ransom, or A Ride for Life">Bushranger's Ransom, or A Ride for Life</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Midnight,_the_Bush_King" title="Captain Midnight, the Bush King">Captain Midnight, the Bush King</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Starlight,_or_Gentleman_of_the_Road" title="Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road">Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_Morgan_(film)" title="Dan Morgan (film)">Dan Morgan</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gardiner,_the_King_of_the_Road" title="Frank Gardiner, the King of the Road">Frank Gardiner, the King of the Road</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1913)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kelly_Gang" title="The Kelly Gang">The Kelly Gang</a></i> (1920)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(1920_film)" title="Robbery Under Arms (1920 film)">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (1920)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Lightning_Ridge" title="The Shadow of Lightning Ridge">The Shadow of Lightning Ridge</a></i> (1920)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman_Bushranger" title="The Gentleman Bushranger">The Gentleman Bushranger</a></i> (1921)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Kellys_Were_Out" title="When the Kellys Were Out">When the Kellys Were Out</a></i> (1922)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trooper_O%27Brien" title="Trooper O'Brien">Trooper O'Brien</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bushranger_(1928_film)" title="The Bushranger (1928 film)">The Bushranger</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stingaree_(1934_film)" title="Stingaree (1934 film)">Stingaree</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Kellys_Rode" title="When the Kellys Rode">When the Kellys Rode</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Fury" title="Captain Fury">Captain Fury</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glenrowan_Affair" title="The Glenrowan Affair">The Glenrowan Affair</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt_(film)" title="Captain Thunderbolt (film)">Captain Thunderbolt</a></i> (1953)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(1957_film)" title="Robbery Under Arms (1957 film)">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (1957)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(1970_film)" title="Ned Kelly (1970 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1970)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Dog_Morgan" title="Mad Dog Morgan">Mad Dog Morgan</a></i> (1976)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms_(1985_film)" title="Robbery Under Arms (1985 film)">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (1985)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(2003_film)" title="Ned Kelly (2003 film)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (2003)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Proposition_(2005_film)" title="The Proposition (2005 film)">The Proposition</a></i> (2005)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw_Michael_Howe" title="The Outlaw Michael Howe">The Outlaw Michael Howe</a></i> (2013)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Ben_Hall" title="The Legend of Ben Hall">The Legend of Ben Hall</a></i> (2016)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang_(film)" title="True History of the Kelly Gang (film)">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerilderie_Letter" title="Jerilderie Letter">Jerilderie Letter</a> (1879)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Robbery_Under_Arms" title="Robbery Under Arms">Robbery Under Arms</a></i> (1882 novel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stingaree_(novel)" title="Stingaree (novel)">Stingaree</a></i> (1905 novel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Sunshine" title="Our Sunshine">Our Sunshine</a></i> (1991 novel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/True_History_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="True History of the Kelly Gang">True History of the Kelly Gang</a></i> (2001 novel)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bushrangers" title="The Bushrangers">The Bushrangers</a></i> (1834 play)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kelly_Gang_(play)" title="The Kelly Gang (play)">The Kelly Gang</a></i> (1899 play)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(play)" title="Ned Kelly (play)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1942 play)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(musical)" title="Ned Kelly (musical)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1978 musical)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly_(play)#1959_television_version" title="Ned Kelly (play)">Ned Kelly</a></i> (1959)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballad_for_One_Gun" title="Ballad for One Gun">Ballad for One Gun</a></i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_(TV_series)" title="Ben Hall (TV series)">Ben Hall</a></i> (1975)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Outlaw_(miniseries)" title="The Last Outlaw (miniseries)">The Last Outlaw</a></i> (1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Boys" title="Wild Boys">Wild Boys</a></i> (2011)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301816#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/68095/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116359753">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47572730">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166123596">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166123596">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119485958">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007422166405171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018474">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20031209002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36555373">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p212782576">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810610347105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kelly-edward-ned-3933">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/635784">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ks7427">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/055789943">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
